Can we construct an accurate atmospheric climate model with a balanced model representing its fluid mechanics, and with dissipative as well as non-dissipative parameterization schemes for the gravity-wave activity? To address this question, we focus our attention on a 1 1 2 -layer atmospheric model with an isentropic troposphere and isothermal stratosphere. We investigate parcel dynamics in a h...

Pielke, R.A., Schimel, D.S., Lee, T.J., Kittel, T.G.F. and Zeng, X., 1993. Atmosphereterrestrial ecosystem interactions: implications for coupled modeling. EcoL Modelling, 67: 5-18. This paper overviews the important interactions between ecosystem and atmospheric dynamics. Examples of suggested procedures to model these interrelationships are introduced. The concept of equilibrium versus non-eq...

In recent years, by population expansion and consequently expansion in service industries, competition has grown in retailing industry more than ever. Retailers can overcome competition in retailing industry by creating attractive, enjoyable, and even more exciting store environment. The purpose of this study is to help marketers, managers and retailers to create an enjoyable and memorable expe...

Correct knowledge of soil moisture is important for improving the prediction of coupled land surface atmosphere interactions. This is due to the control that soil moisture exerts on the latent and sensible heat flux transfer between the land surface and atmosphere. Because of this strong dependence on moisture availability, improved atmospheric prediction requires correct initialisation of soil...

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Characterizing ecosystem-atmosphere interactions in terms of carbon and water exchange on different time scales is considered a major challenge in terrestrial biogeochemical cycle research. The respective time series currently comprise an observation period of up to one decade. In this study, we explored whether the observation period is already sufficient to detect cross-relationships between ...

A technique is developed for diagnosing effective surface and atmospheric optical properties from climate model shortwave flux diagnostics. These properties can be used to distinguish the contributions of surface and atmospheric optical property changes to shortwave flux changes at the surface and top of the atmosphere. In addition to the four standard shortwave flux diagnostics (upward, downwa...