Mixed-phase clouds dominate low-level Arctic clouds in cold seasons and have a significant impact on the surface energy budget. However, the treatment of mixed-phase clouds in most current climate models is crude because the detailed microphysical processes involved in mixed-phase clouds are not completely understood, primarily owe to the paucity of cloud observations in the past. Improving mix...

Sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the Kuroshio Extension (KE) have been suggested to play a crucial role decadal climate variability of North Pacific affecting global and marine ecosystem variability. By analyzing mixed layer heat budget, taking into account seasonality depth (MLD) variations, we here show for first time that KE SST front undergoes large variations mainly owing modulat...

The Humboldt Upwelling System is of global interest due to its importance fisheries, though the origin high productivity remains elusive. In regional physical-biogeochemical model simulations, seasonal amplitude mesozooplankton net production exceeds that phytoplankton, indicating “seasonal trophic amplification.” An analytical approach identifies amplification be driven by a seasonally varying...

Mixed-phase clouds dominate low-level Arctic clouds in cold seasons and have a significant impact on the surface energy budget. However, the treatment of mixed-phase clouds in most current climate models is crude because the detailed microphysical processes involved in mixed-phase clouds are not completely understood, primarily owe to the paucity of cloud observations in the past. Improving mix...

Atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) processes are important in climate, weather and air quality. A better understanding of the structure and the behavior of the ABL is required for understanding and modeling of the chemistry and dynamics of the atmosphere on all scales. Based on the systematic variations of the ABL structures over different surfaces, different lidar-based methods were developed an...

Over the warm pool of the equatorial Indian and western Pacific Oceans, both the climatological mean state and the processes of atmosphere–ocean interaction differ fundamentally from their counterparts over the cold tongue of the equatorial eastern Pacific. A model suitable for studying the coupled instability in both the warm pool and cold tongue regimes is advanced. The model emphasizes ocean...