atrial fibrillation (af) is a commonly encountered arrhythmia in our daily practice. every year a huge bulk of data is published about different management strategies, new antiarrhythmic drugs, anticoagulation protocols and ablation procedures in these patients. in this review article, we discuss different management strategies and new antiarrhythmic drugs as well as those commonly used. we wil...

a 6-year-old male crossbred dog was referred to the veterinary medical teaching hospital of islamic azad university of karaj with the history of abdominal distention, rectal tenesmus and stranguria. abdominal radiographs and ultrasonography indicated large distended urinary bladder and prostatic enlargement. ecg showed temporary episodes of atrial standstill. the only abnormalities detected by ...

pacemaker infection has multiple risk factors. its presentation is most often similar to infected endocarditis and the diagnosis is made through studying blood cultures. transesophageal echocardiography can confirm the diagnosis. the most common microorganisms are staphylococcus speciesis. as a matter of fact, complete pacemaker removal appears to be the only definite treatment. we presented a ...

background: atrial fibrillation (af) is prevalent among cardiac patients; and as the risk of thromboembolism is high in this arrhythmia, discrimination of the effective risk factors in producing left atrial (la) thrombosis is clinically important. the molecular structure of lipoprotein(a) [lp(a)] is very similar to plasminogen , so it can be hypothesized that the high level of lp(a) is a compro...

abstract background prolonged p-wave duration and p-wave dispersion indicate interatrial conduction disturbance and early predict arrhythmia especially atrial fibrillation. iron deposition in the atrial tissue might prolonged the atrial conduction time, and this study evaluated the p-wave prolongation and increased p-wave dispersion in these patients. materials and methods fifty patients with m...

It has been shown that the hyperpolarization-activated current “if” that is blocked by 2 mM Cs+ plays a minor role on pacemaker activity of the center and a major role on activity of the periphery of rabbit intact sino-atrial node. On the other hand some investigations showed that if the atrial muscle, surrounding the sino-atrial node, is cut away there is a shift in leading pacemaker site from...

critical pulmonary valve stenosis (cpvs) and atrial septal defect (asd) is an uncommon form of congenital heart disease. concurrent transcatheter pulmonary valvuplasty and closure of secundum atrial septal defect appears to be an interesting alternative to surgical correction. we present the simultaneous balloon valvuloplasty of critical pulmonary stenosis (ps) with supra systemic right ventric...