This study compares two district heating substation systems for implementation in rural networks with non-retrofitted single- and two-family houses. The aim is to determine which system has the potential provide lower return temperatures and/or power peak demand. A hardware-in-the-loop-test rig was utilized measure substations under real operation conditions. experimental demonstrates that load...

BACKGROUND Despite its semi-commercial status, ethanol production from lignocellulosics presents many complexities not yet fully solved. Since the pretreatment stage has been recognized as a complex and yield-determining step, it has been extensively studied. However, economic success of the production process also requires optimization of the biochemical conversion stage. This work addresses t...

The role played by the attainable set of a differential inclusion, in the study of dynamic control systems and fuzzy differential equations, is widely acknowledged. A procedure for estimating the attainable set is rather complicated compared to the numerical methods for differential equations. This article addresses an alternative approach, based on an optimal control tool, to obtain a descript...