in middle persian (pahlavi), like many other languages, one aspect of subjunctive verbs in the present tense and the past tense is used, but the evidence in the literature that is available only from some syghhhay. middle persian is bound by the obligation kmkarbrdtr of past and present verb root is apparently limited to some of the material or ben hung verbs and auxiliary verb hād made. howeve...

1 Introduction Recent models of causation place the concept of CAUSE within a broader framework of concepts that includes the notions of LETTING, HINDERING, HELPING and PREVENTING. In each model, the related concepts are defined in terms of a small set of conceptual distinctions. This paper examines the relationship between the cognitive and linguistic systems. Specifically, we investigate whet...

Children pass through a stage in development when they produce utterances that contain auxiliary BE (he's playing) and utterances where auxiliary BE is omitted (he playing). One explanation that has been put forward to explain this phenomenon is the presence of questions in the input that model S-V word order (Theakston, Lieven & Tomasello, 2oo3). The current paper reports two studies that inve...

This paper reports on our experience hand tagging the senses of 25 of the most frequent verbs in 12,925 sentences of the Wall Street Journal Treebank corpus (Marcus et al. 1993). The verbs are tagged with respect to senses in WordNet (Miller 1990). Some of the annotated verbs can function as both main and auxiliary verbs, and some are often used in idioms. This paper suggests consistently repre...

Many  elements  contribute  to  the  relative  difficulty  in  acquiring  specific  aspects  of  English  as  a foreign  language  (Goldschneider  &  DeKeyser,  2001).  Modal  auxiliary  verbs  (e.g.  could,  might), are  examples  of  a  structure  that  is  difficult  for  many  learners.  Not  only  are  they  particularly complex  semantically,  but  especially  in  the  Malaysian  context ...

The derivation of unbounded Subject-to-Subject Raising in languages like English is a problem particularly elegantly treated by Tree Adjoining Grammar. The adjoining operation inserts auxiliary trees headed by raising verbs between the subject in SpecIP and the root verb, distancing the subject from its original local relationshlp with the root verb and producing a final multi-clausal structure...

Langendoen (1977) advanced an argument against English being a context-free language involving cross-serial subject-verb agreement in respectively constructions such as (1). (1) The man and the women dances and sing, respectively. As noted by Pullum and Gazdar (1982), however, and acknowledged subsequently by Langendoen (personal communication), such examples are unacceptable, and the argument ...

1 Introduction English is a stress-timed language displaying phonological vowel reduction: weak vowels, such as schwa (.ə.(, are part of the phonological form of many words in the language (mother .ˈmʌðə., banana .bəˈnɑːnə.(Furthermore , English allows important weakening processes in function words (prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs and conjunctions), in which peripheral vowels are often...

Verb is a word which shows action happening time, generally has subject and time known in verbs fact this quality makes deference between verb gerund. According to syntax, we have three types of – Transitive verb, intransitive Hukmi Motadi (Hukmi Transitive) verb. Most the two roots (present Past). structure, verbs: simple (as, root+suffix: ʣ+əm à ʣəm, χwr+əm χwrəm zə ɖoɖə́i χwrəm.) derivative a...