Among the different hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes of avian influenza (AI) viruses, H5, H7, and H9 are of major interest because of the serious consequences for the poultry industry and the increasing frequency of direct transmission of these viruses to humans. The availability of new tools to rapidly detect and subtype the influenza viruses can enable the immediate application of measures to prev...

Avian influenza (AI) H9N2 is a low pathogenic virus subtype belonging to Orthomyxoviridae family. Given the prevalence of this subtype as an infectious agent in poultry industry, special attention has been always directed toward the development of vaccine production against this infection. The vaccine of this infection is produced by killing the virus and using a mixture of inactivated antigen ...

Tree sparrows (Passer montanus) are widely distributed in all seasons in many countries. In this study, a survey and relevant experiments on avian influenza (AI) in tree sparrows were conducted. The results suggested that the receptor for avian influenza viruses (AIVs), SAα2,3Gal, is abundant in the respiratory tract of tree sparrows, and most of the tree sparrows infected experimentally with t...

BACKGROUND Avian influenza (AI) is an important zoonotic disease responsible for significant losses in most sub-Saharan countries. However, the role of poultry other than chicken in the epidemiology of the disease, especially after the first AI outbreak in Ghana, has not been fully elucidated. The obiective of this study is to determine whether the AI virus infection that was reported in the ar...

Abstract : Avian influenza virus (AIV) infection is a major cause of influenza mortality in birds and can cause human mortality and morbidity. Although the risk of infection with avian influenza virus (AIV) is generally low for most people, the pathogenic virus can cross the species barrier and acquires the ability to infect and be transmitted among the human population; therefore the ra...

We developed and evaluated a multiplex branched DNA assay for the detection and subtyping of avian influenza (AI) virus strains. The assay successfully detected all 94 AI virus strains of 15 different hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes tested while simultaneously differentiating 24 North American H5, 11 Eurasian H5, and 11 H7 strains. Our study demonstrates for the first time that a branched DNA metho...

ince 2003, 321 confirmed human cases of H5N1 avian influenza (AI) and 194 deaths worldwide have been reported to the WHO as of August 2007. More cases occurred in Indonesia than in any other country, accounting for approximately one-third of cases worldwide. The Government of Indonesia responded to the epidemic by establishing the “Indonesia National Committee for Avian Influenza Control and Pa...

Poland has experienced four episodes of avian influenza (AI) outbreaks over the past two decades. The first epidemic was caused by a low pathogenicity (LPAIV) H7N7 subtype and occurred in fattening and breeder turkeys in 1995. Two waves of H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) took place in 2006 and 2007. In spring 2006, 64 cases of the H5N1 virus were detected, mostly in mute swans. I...

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) has recently (2014-2015) re-emerged in the United States (US) causing the largest outbreak in US history with 232 outbreaks and an estimated economic impact of $950 million. This study proposes to use suitability maps for Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) to identify areas at high risk for HPAI outbreaks. LPAI suitability maps were based on wild bird...