Classification: FS 52 u Od Local self-government has a long tradition in Sweden. The first legislation in this field is generally considered to be the Local Government Ordinances of 1862, which separated Church of Sweden tasks from civil ones. Church tasks were assigned to the parishes of this Lutheran State church, while civil tasks were assigned to cities and rural municipal districts. At the...

Distributive politics models often predict that legislators will demand inefficiently large projects, with inefficiency increasing in the number of districts, and that this will translate into larger projects and higher spending. The relationship between efficiency and legislature size is often referred to as the ‘‘law of 1/n’’(Weingast, Shepsle, and Johnsen 1981). We demonstrate that the ‘‘law...

US conscription in the Civil War is analyzed. Conscription was designed to gain federal control of enlistments, leaving state and local governments much of the fiscal and administrative responsibility for raising troops. Due to the hiring of substitutes, the payment of a fee to avoid service (commutation), and community-provided funds, only 2% of those who served were conscripted. Theory sugges...

This article proposes that understanding public employee use of performance information is perhaps the most pressing challenge for scholarship on performance management. Governments have devoted extraordinary effort in creating performance data, wagering that it will be used to improve governance, but there is much we do not know about the factors associated with the use of that information. Th...

A fundamental requirement for making sustainable improvements to rural infrastructure is a clear understanding of who will finance maintenance and capital improvements. In the past the question of financing rural roads has centered primarily on the role of governments. Given the acute scarcity of financial and human resources in most developing countries, there are simply too many kilometers of...

Theoretical accounts have suggested two central features that underlie the prototypical experience of awe: vastness and accommodation (Keltner & Haidt, 2003). Guided by this analysis, in the first section we discuss the prominent role of nature as an elicitor of awe. Second, we provide a review of recent research that has clarified the appraisals, facial and vocal displays, physiological, and p...

The purposes of the paper are to know and improve the legal awareness of Surakarta local government officer to Law No.12/2006 on Citizenship in vanishing civic discrimination to Chinese Indonesians. Some issues of the Chinese Indonesian are the definitions of Indonesian citizens and native Indonesian people or “warga negara Indonesia (WNI) asli” and their obligation to show Indonesian Citizensh...

In this paper we present a prototype approach to awe. We suggest that two appraisals are central and are present in all clear cases of awe: perceived vastness, and a need for accommodation, defined as an inability to assimilate an experience into current mental structures. Five additional appraisals account for variation in the hedonic tone of awe experiences: threat, beauty, exceptional abilit...

The 2003 SARS outbreak highlighted the importance of maintaining an adequate public health (PH) infrastructure, and cast doubt on the wisdom of basing the system locally without adequate provisions for higher-level oversight and coordination. Structurally, it highlighted the policy legacy of the 1998 Ontario decision to download full responsibility for funding PH services to municipal governmen...