Apical dominance is one of the fundamental developmental phenomena in plant biology, which determines the overall architecture of aerial plant parts. Here we show apex decapitation activated competition for dominance in adjacent upper and lower axillary buds. A two-nodal-bud pea (Pisum sativum L.) was used as a model system to monitor and assess auxin flow, auxin transport channels, and dormanc...

Treatment of the axilla by surgery with or without radiotherapy remains an integral part of the management of patients with invasive breast cancer. In general, the standard treatment of the axilla involves axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in which surgical clearance of axillary nodes with a minimum of level I & II is performed. ALND is an effective staging procedure and is essential for lo...

BACKGROUND Recent studies have demonstrated that axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) does not affect patient survival, even in those with one or two positive sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs). On the other hand, patients with 3 or more metastatic lymph nodes are eligible for chemotherapy. Therefore, it is crucial to identify a priori patients at risk of having a high number of metastatic axillary l...

Axillary node status is a major prognostic factor in early-stage disease. Traditional staging needs levels I and II axillary lymph node dissection. Axillary involvement is found in 10%-30% of patients with T1 (<2 cm) tumours. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a minimal invasive method of checking the potential nodal involvement. It is based on the assumption of an orderly progression of lymph node ...

CD44 isoforms belong to a family of cell adhesion molecules expressed on the cell surface of many tumor cells during human breast cancer progression. In this study we have analyzed the expression of CD44v3-containing isoforms [containing heparan sulfate addition sites for growth factor binding] in primary breast tumors, axillary nodal metastases and normal breast tissue. Using reverse transcrip...

OBJECTIVE This study examines the association between nodal positivity and risk of developing breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) in patients who underwent axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA The pathophysiology of BCRL is poorly understood. It has been assumed that one of the factors predisposing to the development of BCRL is nodal positivity, although retrospe...

PURPOSE The aim of axillary reverse mapping (ARM) is to preserve arm lymphatics in patients with breast cancer who underwent surgical axillary staging. PATIENTS AND METHODS From June 2007 to December 2008, 49 patients who required axillary dissection (AD) underwent ARM. One milliliter of patent blue dye was injected in the ipsilateral arm, and all blue nodes identified during AD were sent sep...

BACKGROUND To evaluate the utility of the preoperative PET-CT using deformable image registration (DIR) in the treatment of patients with locally advanced breast cancer and to find appropriate radiotherapy technique for further adequate treatment of axillary nodal area. METHODS Sixty-five breast cancer patients who had level II, III axillary or supraclavicular lymph node metastasis on ¹⁸F-FDG...

BACKGROUND Axillary staging in patients with breast cancer and clinically node-negative disease is performed by sentinel node biopsy (SLNB). The aim of this study was to integrate feasible preoperative variables into nomograms to guide clinicians in stratifying treatment options into no axillary staging for patients with non-metastatic disease (N0), SLNB for those with one or two metastases, an...

Upper- and lower-extremity lymphoscintigraphy was performed on 50 patients with proven carcinoma of the breast, gastrointestinal system, genitourinary tract, lung, and vulva; 42 patients had 131I-antibodies to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and 8 patients had 131I-normal goat immunoglobulin G. All metastases in the axillary or inguinal lymph nodes were detected with the CEA antibodies. In nine ...