The previous lecture introduced hidden Markov models (HMMs), a technique used to model types of sequences rather than exact matches. Recall that a Markov chain consists of states Q, initial state probabilities p, and transition state probabilities A. A hidden Markov model has the additional property of emitting a series of observable outputs, one from each state, with various emission probabili...

A major contributor to impaired locomotion post-stroke is abnormal phasing of muscle activity. While inappropriate paretic muscle phasing adapts to changing body orientation, load, and speed, it remains unclear whether paretic muscle phasing adapts to reversal of locomotor direction. We examined muscle phasing in backward pedaling, a task that requires shifts in biarticular but not uniarticular...

Optimization techniques enter often as a mathematical tool into many economicapplications. In these models, uncertainty is modelled via probability distribution that isapproximated or estimated in real cases. Then we ask for a stability of solutions withrespect to changes in the probability distribution. The work illustrates one of possibleapproaches (using probability metrics),...

We analyze the assumptions that are made in the proofs of Bell-type inequalities for the results of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen type of experiments. We find that the introduction of time-like random variables permits the construction of a broader mathematical model which accounts for all correlations of variables that are contained in the time dependent parameter set of the backward light cone. It ...

The aim of computational molecular design is the identification of promising hypothetical molecules with a predefined set of desired properties. We address the issue of accelerating the material discovery with state-of-the-art machine learning techniques. The method involves two different types of prediction; the forward and backward predictions. The objective of the forward prediction is to cr...

The forward-backward algorithm is commonly used to train neural network acoustic models when optimizing a sequence objective like MMI and sMBR. Recent work on lattice-free MMI training of neural network acoustic models shows that the forward-backward algorithm can be computed efficiently in the probability domain as a series of sparse matrix multiplications using GPUs. In this paper, we present...

This paper presents a directional advantage of n-gram modeling in terms of backward or forward n-gram modeling in Bangla. The most commonly used n-gram analysis is predominantly a forward n-gram. However in Bangla it appears that a backward n-gram is repeatedly more successful and yields more grammatical results than a forward n-gram. This paper hypothesizes that the rationale behind this succe...

this paper, i have focused on the tax side of the fiscal policy to  investigate the past and future behavior of fiscal sustainability in iran. to do so, i have employed two different forward-looking and backward-looking approaches. first, the backward-looking approach is the fiscal policy rule proposed by daving & leeper (2011). precisely, this rule determines that whether the fiscal policy is ...