The cultivation of tomatoes in greenhouse structures is becoming increasingly common as a crop production system. However, the environmental conditions inside favour development microbial diseases. These diseases have an adverse effect on tomato yield and can lead to serious economic losses. This review will give insight into major affecting greenhouse-grown tomatoes, respective causal agents r...

Citrus bacterial canker (CBC) caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) was first documented in India and Java in the mid 19th century. Since that time, the known distribution of the disease has steadily increased. Concurrent with the dispersion of the pathogen, the diversity of described strains continues to increase, with novel strains appearing in Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Florida in th...

Since 2008, Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, the causal agent of bacterial canker of kiwifruit has become the main pathogen of yellow and green fleshed kiwifruit. All major kiwifruit producing countries in the world have been affected by this bacterial pathogen, leading to substantial economic losses. This review presents the current knowledge on various aspects about the origin, epidemiolo...

Microorganisms have many roles in nature. They may act as decomposers that obtain nutrients from dead materials, while some are pathogens that cause diseases in animals, insects, and plants. Some are symbionts that enhance plant growth, such as arbuscular mycorrhizae and nitrogen fixation bacteria. However, roles of plant pathogens and diseases in natural ecosystems are still poorly understood....

The tomato plant is one of the most widely produced vegetables in world. However, there are several disease factors which limit production. Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. (Cmm) pathogen causes wilting and canker symptoms on leaves plants bird’s eye then completely die. Development resistant varieties prerequisite due to absence an effective control methods against bacterial disease. M3-9 M3-1...

Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. (Cmm), is a devastating bacterial disease agent causing wilt and canker in tomatoes. There no definitive solution to prevent yield losses by Cmm Moreover, there currently commercially successful resistant tomato cultivar on the market. Therefore, we aimed determine tolerance level of some accessions present study. For this purpose, screened seven representing fo...

Here, we report the complete 5.3-Mb genome sequence of Xanthomonas campestris pv. viticola (CCRMXCV 80), which causes grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) bacterial canker. Genome data will improve our understanding of the strain's comparative genomics and epidemiology, and help to further define plant protection and quarantine procedures.

Citrus bacterial canker (CBC) disease occurs worldwide and incurs considerable costs both from control measures and yield losses. Bacteria that cause CBC require one of six known type III transcription activator-like (TAL) effector genes for the characteristic pustule formation at the site of infection. Here, we show that Xanthomonas citri subspecies citri strain Xcc306, with the type III TAL e...

This paper reports on five years of observations in a case-control study examining the role of tree and site factors on the development of Phytophthora ramorum stem canker (sudden oak death) in coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) and tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus). In September of each year from 2000 through 2004, we collected data on P. ramorum symptoms, tree condition, midday stem water pote...