Surgery is the oldest discipline of medicine. The first Poland's University Chair of Surgery was established in the 18(th) century. Surgery that had been until then the domain of barbers became a clinical discipline. In the 19(th) century Polish surgeons were actively involved in the development of gastrointestinal surgery. Most famous among them, J. Mikulicz Radecki and L. Rydygier. They inven...

Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education: Currently the prevalence of HCV is low in Iran. Viral spread is going to increase with the passage of time. Barbers and dentists practice procedures should also be standarized with HCV safety guidelines. It is highly needed to start massive awareness campaign in Iran against HCV to educate general population to contain the viral...

THERE does not seem at first sight to be much connection between a mediaeval Council of the Church, with the cardinal archbishops magnificent in their scarlet robes, and the resident pupil of the Royal Victoria Hospital in his plain white coat: and yet, if a great council had not met at Tours in the year 1163, resident pupils might not today be strolling down the long corridor of our Hospital. ...

cathedrals. At that 'time the priests were with few exceptions the only people who could read Latin and this precluded others from access to such medical texts as were available. Salerno was the only secular medical centre, but Montpelier was to follow in the next century. Thus any medical treatment which was available was performed by the priests, especially those who were in the monasteries. ...