bstract—Sex differences in nuclear volume or neuron numer often are attributed to the hormonal control of cell death. n the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus, the central ortion of the medial preoptic nucleus, and the principal ucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis testicular ormones decrease cell death during perinatal life, resulting n a male advantage in neuron number in adul...

Key molecular components of the mammalian circadian clock are expressed rhythmically in many brain areas and peripheral tissues in mammals. Here we review findings from our work on rhythms of expression of the clock protein Period2 (PER2) in four regions of the limbic forebrain known to be important in the regulation of motivational and emotional states. These regions include the oval nucleus o...

The central extended amygdala is an evolutionarily conserved set of interconnected brain regions that play an important role in threat processing to promote survival. Two core components of the central extended amygdala, the central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) and the lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) are highly similar regions that serve complimentary roles by integrating fear...

CONTENTS Introduction ........................................................ Material and methods ............................................... Literature .......................................................... Description of material .............................................. Certain general characteristics of the brain of Tadarida ............ The nuclear groups ......................

Anatomic descriptions of amygdaloid lesions resulting in hyperphagia and obesity in rats, cats, and dogs have been inconsistent and often contradictory, frequently resulting in failures to replicate. The present study attempted to reconcile these differences by examining common areas of overlap among differently placed lesions in female rats. Small bilateral lesions of the most posterodorsal as...

A midbrain nucleus of the auditory system, the inferior colliculus, was used as a model for analyzing spatial correlations or "coupling" among capillary density, tissue glucose metabolism, and several measures of microvascular function in the rat. The capillary bed of the inferior colliculus was examined with stereological techniques, and physiological measures were obtained with radioactive tr...

Limbic dysfunction and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis dysregulation are key features of affective disorders. The following review summarizes our current understanding of the relationship between limbic structures and control of ACTH and glucocorticoid release, focusing on the hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala. In general, the hippocampus and anterior cingulate/...

Single injections of morphine induce a state of acute opioid dependence in humans and animals, measured as precipitated withdrawal when an antagonist is administered 4-24 h after morphine. Additional morphine exposure at daily or weekly intervals results in further increases in withdrawal severity, suggesting that acute opioid dependence reflects the early stages in the development of a chronic...

The effects of permanent forebrain lesions on conditioned taste aversions (CTAs) and conditioned odor aversions (COAs) were examined in 3 experiments. In Experiment 1, lesions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis had no influence on CTA or COA acquisition. Although lesions of the lateral hypothalamus induced severe hypodipsia in Experiment 2, they did not prevent the acquisition of CTAs o...

Fifteen years ago epinephrine cells were shown to be present in the medulla oblongata of the rat. These cell groups (C1 and C2) were thought to supply the epinephrine innervation in the rest of the central nervous system. In this study I demonstrate the presence of epinephrine-producing neurons in the forebrain of the young rat. Neurons that are immunopositive for phenylethanolamine N-methyltra...