The historical development of a scientific knowledge on calcium orthophosphates from the 1770s until 1940 is described. Many forgotten and poorly known historical facts and approaches have been extracted from old publications and then they have been analyzed, systematized and reconsidered from the modern point of view. The chosen time scale starts with the earliest available studies of 1770s (t...

Aristotle, as is well known, proposes an ontology of substances and accidents. Substances, such as a man or a horse, are the basic, independent, entities in this ontology; accidents are the dependent entities that inhere in the substances. Accidents are usually thought of as the properties of substances, and on the whole this is a reasonably accurate way to think about them. A horse, for exampl...

In the area of genometry-the nascent field of science and technology that proposes to apply enhanced understanding of the human genetic code to reshaping our individual and collective destinies-research and development directed toward improving the function of the human brain has not advanced at the same rate as studies focused on physical enhancement. This article describes developments in the...

I N the preceding essays* we have considered the relations of living beings to space (as revealed to us by Palreontology) and to timeas shown us by organic geography. The inter-relations of living creatures, as enemies, as rivals, and as involuntary helpers, constitute 1\ third department of Hexicologyt not less interesting than the two others already treated of. There is one very general inter...

Knowledge may be organized as a community of in t f iac t ing modules Each module is granted a complex st iucture, to simulate a particular expert in some small domain An extended analogy is drawn to a group of cooperating human specialists Based on this, an internal constraint is imposed on the modules Then structure must be standard over the entire community Some advantages of a un i fo rm fo...