this study examines differences in non-native efl teachers’ beliefs about grammar and teaching grammar. the differences were sought across teachers’ work environment- private school versus state schools-, degree, gender, and teaching experience. a sample of 130 efl teachers teaching at junior high school, high schools, and private language institutes were randomly selected. the sample consisted...

This paper is a short overviewof our NASA-supported research into thepossibility of using interval-based intelligentcontrol techniques for space exploration. Interval-values fuzzy sets were introduced by L.Zadeh, J. A. Goguen, and especially by I. B.Türkşen; they were actively used in expert systemsby L. Kohout. Before we proceed to explain how touse them in fuzzy co...

If we think, as Ramsey did, that a degree of belief that P is a stronger or weaker tendency to act as if P , then it is clear that not only uncertainty, but also vagueness, gives rise to degrees of belief. If I like hot coffee and do not know whether the coffee is hot or cold, I will have some tendency to reach for a cup; if I like hot coffee and know that the coffee is borderline hot, I will h...

Abstract Likelihoodism is the view that degree of evidential support should be analysed and measured in terms likelihoods alone. The paper considers responds to a popular criticism likelihoodist framework too restrictive guide belief. First, I show most detailed rigorous version this criticism, as put forward by Gandenberger (2016), unsuccessful. Second, provide positive argument broadly can ac...

David Lewis [1988, 1996] canvases an anti-Humean thesis about mental states: that the rational agent desires something to the extent that he or she believes it to be good. Lewis offers and refutes a decision-theoretic formulation of it, the ‘Desire-as-Belief Thesis’. Other authors have since added further negative results in the spirit of Lewis’. We explore ways of being antiHumean that evade a...

Unlike teacher beliefs, there has been a dearth of study regarding EFL learner beliefs. The reason can be that Horwitz (1987) and the existing literature has predominantly been in an ESL context. The present study reports the development and validation of a scale to measure the learner beliefs about language learning in Iranian EFL contexts. Using a combination of verbal creativity method, inte...

In order to understand the transmission of a disease across a population we will have to understand not only the dynamics of contact infection but the transfer of health-care beliefs and resulting health-care behaviors across that population. This paper is a first step in that direction, focusing on the contrasting role of linkage or isolation between sub-networks in (a) contact infection and (...

Belief and plausibility functions based on Dempster–Shafer theory have been used to measure uncertainty. They are also widely studied and applied in diverse areas. Numerous studies in the literature have presented various generalizations of belief and plausibility functions to fuzzy sets. However, there are still less generalizations of belief and plausibility functions to intuitionistic fuzzy ...