In general, a biological nervous system consists of two major parts, i.e., a motor control subsystem and a sensory reception subsystem, and they work together cooperatively as direct-inverse transformation. Paying attention to this bi-directional computing manner, it is essential to perform various kinds of complex activities. Also, it must be important in most application-oriented tasks. In or...

The trans-Golgi network (TGN) is the major sorting station of the biosynthetic pathway, in which newly synthesized soluble and transmembrane proteins, as well as lipids, are sorted for subsequent transport to different destinations: the cell surface (apical and basolateral in polarized cells), secretory granules in endocrine cells, or the endosomal system. Several transmembrane proteins have be...

A 59-year-old male with alcoholic cirrhosis presented to our hospital with an acutely painful umbilical hernia, and 4 mo of exertional dyspnea. He was noted to be tachypneic and hypoxic. He had a massive right sided pleural effusion with leftward mediastinal shift and gross ascites, with a tense, fluid-filled, umbilical hernia. Emergent paracentesis with drain placement and a large volume thora...

The resource-constrained elementary shortest path problem arises as a pricing subproblem in branch-and-price algorithms for vehicle routing problems with additional constraints. We address the optimization of the resource-constrained elementary shortest path problem and we present and compare three methods. The first method is a well-known exact dynamic programming algorithm improved by new ide...

The orientation of flanking genes may influence the evolution of intergenic regions in which cis-regulatory elements are likely to be located: divergently transcribed genes share their 5' regions, resulting either in smaller "private" spaces or in overlapping regulatory elements. Thus, upstream sequences of divergently transcribed genes (bi-directional upstream regions, or URs) may be more cons...

BACKGROUND The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is a well-studied host organism for recombinant protein production, which is usually regulated either by a constitutive promoter (e.g. promoter of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; PGAP) or an inducible promoter (e.g. promoter of alcohol oxidase 1; PAOX1). Both promoter systems have several advantages and disadvantages; with one of the...

Model-to-Model mapping should offer the advantage of fully operational bi-directional mapping between different models or formalisms that share some common properties. However in reality this is not easily achievable. It is acknowledged that previous work was presented where it was shown how Triple Graph Grammars are useful to achieve the mapping. UML 2 activities share some similarities with P...

Several structures for fixed-lag (FL) soft-in/soft-out (SISO) algorithms in the case of a perfectly known channel are well-known. These forward-only and bi-directional fixed-lag SISOs have recently been described with the bi-directional version shown to be preferred. Adaptive iterative detection using adaptive SISOs (A-SISOs) have also recently been demonstrated to provide significant performan...

This paper proposes a small wind energy conversion system comprises permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), uncontrolled rectifier, conventional H-Bridge inverter and dc-dc bi-directional converter. The dc link capacitor is connected to a storage system through Bi-directional power flow link. A hybrid pulse width modulation (HPWM) controller is used to regulate the ac load voltage and fr...

In this paper, we present a comparison of the blocking performance in unidirectional and bi-directional wavelength routed ring networks. This performance comparison reveals that, for the same load per node and equal number of wavelengths per link, the performance of a unidirectional ring with N nodes is very close to the performance of a bi-directional ring with 4N nodes. This comparison also s...