In this paper, the common centralized DEA models are extended to the bi-level centralized resource allocation (CRA) models based on revenue efficiency. Based on the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions, the bi-level CRA model is reduced to a one-level mathematical program subject to complementarity constraints (MPCC). A recurrent neural network is developed for solving this one-level mathematica...

Business intelligence (BI) has been recognized as the most essential and valuable technology for business. CIOs surveyed by the Society for Information Management have consistently ranked it as one of the most important business applications for the past ten years. BI has become incredibly important to an organization’s decision-making process. There is, however, uncertainty regarding whether t...

The Joint Bi-level Image Experts Group (jbig), an international study group a liated with iso/iec and itu -t, is in the process of drafting a new standard for lossy and lossless compression of bi-level images. The new standard, informally referred to as jbig2, will support model-based coding for text and halftones to permit compression ratios up to three times those of existing standards for lo...

Separability is a concept that is very difficult to define, and yet much of our scientific method is implicitly based upon the assumption that systems can sensibly be reduced to a set of interacting components. This paper examines the notion of separability in the creation of bi-ambiguous compounds that is based upon the CHSH and CH inequalities. It reports results of an experiment showing that...

Business intelligence (BI) can help support decision-making processes and so contribute to improved BI assimilation and organisational performance. However, a BI undertaking may be effective and profitable for some organisations but not others. How can these differing outcomes be explained for those firms that have adopted BI systems? Drawing on the literature pertaining to absorptive capacity ...

We consider four operads which are different varieties of the cacti operad. These are cacti without local zeros (or spines) and cacti proper as well as both varieties with fixed constant size one of the constituting loops. We show that both types of cacti are a semi–direct products as operads of their normalized versions with a re–scaling operad based on R>0 which are homotopic to direct produc...

This paper presents a fuzzy goal programming (FGP) methodology for solving bi-level quadratic programming (BLQP) problems. In the FGP model formulation, firstly the objectives are transformed into fuzzy goals (membership functions) by means of assigning an aspiration level to each of them, and suitable membership function is defined for each objectives, and also the membership functions for vec...

Business intelligence (BI) is one of the technology areas that have grown tremendously. It describes a set of concepts and methods based on data for improving business decision making. BI capabilities have become one of the important business and technical capabilities. However, BI capabilities have remained largely unexamined in academic literature. Current understandings of BI capabilities ar...

We analyze the non–Gaussian primordial fluctuations which are inescapably contributed by scalar fields Φ with vanishing expectation values, 〈Φ〉 = 0, present during inflation in addition to the inflaton field. For simplicity we take Φ to be non–interacting and minimally coupled to gravity. Φ is a Gaussian variable, but the energy density fluctuations contributed by such a field are χ–distributed...

Shannon's entropy has been characterized in several ways. Kaminski and Mikusihski [5] simplified Fadeev's [3] approach by considering, what they called the entropy equation: (1.1) H(x, y, z) = H(x + y, 0, z) + H(x, y, 0) , (x ^ 0 , y ^ 0 , z > 0 , xy + yz + zx > 0) . A general continuous symmetric solution of (1.1) given by (1.2) H(x, y, z) = (x + y + z) log (x + y + z) — x log x y log y — z lo...