Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection, endemic in North American dairy herds, has production-limiting effects. A literature review of available papers published since 1995 concerning BLV transmission and its control was conducted. Although confirmed routes were reviewed (blood, natural breeding, utero, colostrum, milk), there is still a lack detailed information on other specific risks for (e.g...

an anatomic study on ovine hoof to find a proper hoof trimming method was done. fore and hindlimbs of 15, two years old ewes. were studied all legs were transferred to vet college and divided by fore and hindlimbs, left and right and lateral and medial digits. toe height to ground and to the solar surface, heel height, sole length, toe length, toe length to the sensitive tissue, sole thickness ...

Hooves preserve the isotopic information laid down during their growth and may be used for reconstruction of animal feeding history. To assign certain positions along hooves to corresponding times, growth rates are required. Hoof growth rates are known for domestic animals; however, they cannot be obtained easily in wild animals. We estimated the hoof growth rate of the European roe deer (Capre...

A 2-year experiment on the effect of claw trimming on hoof health was performed in 77 Swedish dairy herds (3444 dairy cattle) selected on herd size, breed composition and membership in the official milk-recording scheme. In the autumn, cows within each herd were blocked according to breed, parity and stage of lactation and allocated to two treatments: autumn trimming (AT) or no autumn trimming ...

One of the most important hoof diseases is laminitis. Yet, the pathology of laminitis is not fully understood. Different bacterial toxins, e.g. endotoxins or exotoxins, seem to play an important role. Additionally, ingestion of mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites of fungi, might contribute to the onset of laminitis. In this respect, fumonsins are of special interest since horses are regarde...

Properties of sport surfaces influence the occurrence of injuries and the performance of equine athletes. The sports governing body seeks to develop standards for safety and performance of show jumping surfaces. Limited information is available to guide this process. Objective methods are warranted in order to define surface properties that can be associated to injury and performance data. Desc...

Reports of free-ranging Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) with abnormal hooves and lameness increased significantly in southwestern Washington, USA, during winter 2008. In March 2009 we examined five severely affected elk with clinical lameness from this region to characterize hoof lesions, examine the general health of affected elk, and potentially identify etiologies causing hoof dise...

frog. The wall is simply that part of the hoof that is visible when the horse is standing. It covers the front and sides of the third phalanx, or coffin bone. The wall is made up of the toe (front), quarters (sides) and heel. When the foot is lifted off the ground, the sole and frog are visible, as well as the bars of the wall and the collateral grooves (see Figure 1). The wall of the hoof is c...

serum level of zinc, copper, β-carotene, vitamin a, and concentrations of zn and cu in hoof of 97multiparous holstein dairy cows with different locomotion scores (lss) were evaluated. simultaneously, znand cu concentrations of close up, fresh and high yielding cattle rations were 77, 94, 75 and 31, 28, 22 ppm, respectively. based on lss, despite normal serum copper levels in all three groups, w...