We study the relative importance of sea-land and mountain-valley thermal contrasts in determining the development of thermally forced mesoscale circulations (TFMCs) over a mountainous peninsula. We ®rst analyse the energetics of the problem, and using this theory, we interprete the numerical simulations over Calabria, a mountainous peninsula in southern Italy. The CSU 3-D nonlinear numerical mo...

Abstract Urban heat island (UHI) and sea–land-breeze systems are well-known important characteristics of the climate coastal cities. To model these, accurate estimation surface energy balance (SEB) is a key factor needed to improve local-scale simulations thermodynamic dynamic boundary circulations. The Weather Research Forecasting Model with single-layer urban canopy (WRF/SLUCM), parameters de...

Sea breezes are often modeled as a wave response to transient heating in a stratified environment. They occur, however, as density currents with well-defined fronts, the understanding of which rests primarily on experiments and theory that do not include the stratification within and above the current and the steady heat input at the land surface. These gaps are investigated here via a sequence...