abstract the main aim of the paper is to determine the marketing efficiency of poultry industry in karaj. in this research the marketing margin and the marketing efficiency of poultry market in different level of the market in karaj was calculated. the results showed that slaughter houses gain the main part of marketing margin and marking profit. the share of slaughter house was more that 50 pe...

High surface ozone concentration is increasingly being recognized as a factor that negatively affects crop yields in Asia. However, little progress has been made in developing ozone-tolerant genotypes of rice-Asia's major staple crop. This study aimed to identify possible tolerance mechanisms by characterizing two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that were previously shown to influence visible le...

Strong latitudinal patterns in leaf form are well documented in floristic comparisons and palaeobotanical studies. However, there is little agreement about their functional significance; in fact, it is still unknown to what degree these patterns were generated by repeated evolutionary adaptation. We analysed leaf form in the woody angiosperm clade Viburnum (Adoxaceae) and document evolutionaril...

Leaves show a wide range of shapes that results from the combinatory variations of two main parameters: the relative duration of the morphogenetic phase and the pattern of dissection of the leaf margin. To further understand the mechanisms controlling leaf shape, we have studied the interactions between several loci leading to increased dissection of the Arabidopsis leaf margins. Thus, we have ...

Woody perennials subjected to root oxygen-stress often respond with varying levels of reduced assimilation and leaf gas exchange. Yet in most of these studies, seedlings grown in pots were subjected to experimental conditions that rarely exist in nature for mature trees. To determine if flooding mature orchard-grown pecan (Carya illinoiensis (Wangh) K. Koch) results in a similar depressed photo...

Normal leaf margin development is important for leaf morphogenesis and contributes to diverse leaf shapes in higher plants. We here show the crucial roles of an atypical type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase, PI4Kγ5, in Arabidopsis leaf margin development. PI4Kγ5 presents a dynamics expression pattern along with leaf development and a T-DNA mutant lacking PI4Kγ5, pi4kγ5-1, presents serrated lea...