BACKGROUND Budget impact analyses (BIAs) are an essential part of a comprehensive economic assessment of a health care intervention and are increasingly required by reimbursement authorities as part of a listing or reimbursement submission. OBJECTIVES The objective of this report was to present updated guidance on methods for those undertaking such analyses or for those reviewing the results ...

We give a detailed characterization of optimal trades under budget constraints in a prediction market with a cost-function-based automated market maker. We study how the budget constraints of individual traders affect their ability to impact the market price. As a concrete application of our characterization, we give sufficient conditions for a property we call budget additivity: two traders wi...

This paper examines the impact of independent budget analysis and advocacy initiatives that are designed to improve budget transparency and government expenditure priorities. It draws on six case studies of independent budget groups in Brazil, Croatia, India, Mexico, South Africa, and Uganda, which include non-governmental organisations, research institutions and social movements. The findings ...

The article analyzes the factors influencing tax evasion: value of gross domestic product per capita, burden, corruption and openness information on use budgetary funds. correlation model includes analysis two groups indicators. first group is indicators individual level: education, socio-economic status, attitude to religion, gender, etc. second global or national GDP level in country, degree ...