The addition of ethanol into gasoline has long been a method to help the hydrocarbons of gasoline burn smoother in an internal combustion engine by adding oxygen into the fuel. Gas stations list ethanol content in gasoline can be up to 10% ethanol but no more than 10% ethanol. By using the methods of standard addition, using known concentrations and volumes of spikes of ethanol into the gasolin...

Over the past twenty years catalysts containing platinum group metals have become the preferred means of limiting the polluting emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides from motor vehicles. However, from time to time methods of exhaust control are proposed which appear to off.. a viable alternative to autocatalysts. Europe has been slow to adopt emission control standards ...

Control of aftertreatment systems for lean burn technology engines represents a big challenge, due to the lack of on-board emission measurements and the sensitivity of the hardware components to ageing and sulphur poisoning. In this paper, we consider the control and adaptation of aftertreatment systems involving lean NOx trap (LNT). A phenomenological LNT model is presented to facilitate the m...

Combustion analysis has been conducted on a small two-stroke glow ignition engine, which has similar combustion characteristics to homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines. Difficulties such as unknown ignition timing and the polytropic index have been addressed by combining both heat release and mass fraction burn analyses. Results for all operating conditions have shown good cor...

background : burn wounds are one of the health problems in modern societies that are associated with irreparable harms and many side problems for patients and their families. infection due to burn wounds is the main cause of death in such patients. one of the methods to prevent infection of burn wounds is topical antibiotic ointments. this study aimed to investigate and identify effective ointm...

Recent experimental investigations of combustion in diesel engines showed that the initial premix burn creates pockets of soot and fuel that must burn out in a diffusion-flame mode in order to complete the combustion [5, 6]. Understanding the final stages of this process is critical to predicting the emissions of soot and NOx. This effort uses numerical simulations to investigate burnout of dif...

In recent years, the International Maritime Organization (IMO), Europe, and United States other countries have set up different emission control areas (ECA) for ship exhaust pollutants to enforce more stringent pollutant regulations. order meet current IMO Tier III regulations, an after-treatment device must be installed in system of power plant reduce NOx emissions. At present, selective catal...

background self-inflicted burn injuries carry considerable mortality and morbidity among otherwise fit young individuals. this study assessed the epidemiologic pattern and outcome of these injuries in a burn care facility in pakistan. methods the study was carried out at pakistan institute of medical sciences (pims) burn care centre in islamabad over a period of 2 years. it included all adult p...

Maximizing the fuel economy while lowering exhaust emissions highly depend on precise air-fuel ratio (AFR) control. The major challenge in control of AFR is time-varying delay, which an inherent reason for performance degradation and instability. For analysis, time delay approximated by Padé approximation, leading to a non-minimum phase system that exhibits difficulty controlling due its zeroes...

This paper presents a modular, flexible, extendable and fast-computational framework that implements multidisciplinary, varying fidelity, multi-system approach for the conceptual preliminary design of novel aero-engines. In its current status, includes modules multi-point steady-state engine design, aerodynamic geometry weight, aircraft mission analysis, Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emissions, control ...