Over the course of evolution, nature continually discovers new small molecules through the alteration of biosynthetic enzymes and pathways by mutation and gene transfer. Hundreds of these natural products have proven indispensable to medicine, culture, and technology, greatly contributing to increases in the length and quality of human lives. Chemists have found that the “chemical space” surrou...

This paper considers the observational implications of social influences on adoption decisions for an environment of perfect foresight adopters. We argue that social influences can produce two observable effects: (1) discontinuities in unconditional adoption curves and (2) pattern reversals in conditional adoption curves, in which earlier adoption is found for one group of actors versus another...

Using PIRLS 2001 and PISA 2003 data for Germany, this paper examines whether immigrants attending primary and secondary school are graded worse in math than comparable natives. Controlling for diff erences in math skills, class fi xed eff ects regressions and results of a matching approach suggest that immigrants have grade disadvantages in primary education. In Germany, track choice after prim...

This paper develops asymptotically distribution-free inference for testing inequality indices with dependent samples. It considers the interpolated Gini coe$cient and the generalized entropy class, which includes several commonly used inequality indices. We "rst establish inference tests for changes in inequality indices with completely dependent samples (i.e., matched pairs) and then generaliz...

The efficacy of FK463, a new (1,3)-beta-D-glucan synthase inhibitor, against azole-resistant Candida albicans strains has been studied. The MIC of FK463 was lower than those of azoles and amphotericin B against CDR1-expressing C26 and CaMDR-expressing C40 strains. All mice treated with FK463 (1 mg/kg) survived disseminated murine candidiasis. The fungal burden in the kidney after 6 days was mar...

Using PIRLS 2001 and PISA 2003 data for Germany, this paper examines whether immigrants attending primary and secondary school are graded worse in math than comparable natives. Controlling for diff erences in math skills, class fi xed eff ects regressions and results of a matching approach suggest that immigrants have grade disadvantages in primary education. In Germany, track choice after prim...