T HE internist frequently is called upon by his surgical colleagues for an opinion concerning the risk of anesthesia and of a surgical procedure in a patient who has organic heart disease. A request of this kind carries with it a number of implied questions, among the most important of which are: 1. Does the cardiac abnormality increase the risk of the contemplated procedure? 2. Will the anesth...

T HE internist frequently is called upon by his surgical colleagues for an opinion concerning the risk of anesthesia and of a surgical procedure in a patient who has organic heart disease. A request of this kind carries with it a number of implied questions, among the most important of which are: 1. Does the cardiac abnormality increase the risk of the contemplated procedure? 2. Will the anesth...

T HE internist frequently is called upon by his surgical colleagues for an opinion concerning the risk of anesthesia and of a surgical procedure in a patient who has organic heart disease. A request of this kind carries with it a number of implied questions, among the most important of which are: 1. Does the cardiac abnormality increase the risk of the contemplated procedure? 2. Will the anesth...

Introduction: Since 1954, after the first surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), several innovations have occurred in cardiac surgery, especially in children. One stage complete repair of TOF is currently possible even in infancy; however, complications such as hypoxemia, arrhythmia, cardiac dysfunction, sudden death, and valvular disorders may happen. In this study, we evaluated the res...

Objective: Cardiac tamponade is a life-threatening clinical entity that requires an emergency treatment. Cardiac tamponade can be caused both by benign and malignant diseases. A variety of methods have been described for the treatment of these cases from needle-guided pericardiocentesis, balloon-based techniques to surgical pericardiotomy. The Authors report their experience in...

This paper examines the strategic behavior of hospitals in one of their primary output markets: inpatient surgical procedures. High levels of learning-by-doing in surgical fields may act as a barrier to entry. I investigate whether incumbent hospitals facing prospective entry in a procedure market manipulate their procedure volumes to produce such a barrier. I derive straightforward empirical t...

now-a-days truncus arteriosus has been known as “common arterial trunk” (cat) and is an uncommon congenital cardiac defect presenting in about 1-3% congenital heart disease. environmental and genetic factors effects on incidence of cat and other conotruncal anomalies. the majority patients with cat and 22q11 deletion have other anomalies such as hypoplasia or aplasia of the thymus or parath...

This paper examines the strategic behavior of hospitals in one of their primary output markets: inpatient surgical procedures. High levels of learning-by-doing in surgical fields may act as a barrier to entry. I investigate whether incumbent hospitals facing prospective entry in a procedure market manipulate their procedure volumes to produce such a barrier. I derive straightforward empirical t...