the hermit crab fauna of the larak island was investigated, which revealed seven species representing five genera and two families. the family diogenidae represents six species namely areopaguristes perspicax (nobili, 1906), clibanarius signatus heller, 1861, dardanus lagopodes (forskål, 1775), d. tinctor (forskål, 1775), d. avarus heller, 1865, d. tirmiziae siddiqui & mclaughlin, 2003, while t...

Mangrove crab shells are one of the wastes that poorly utilized because it is usually only used for animal feed mixtures. have a high enough chitin content so can be as chitosan and then chitooligosaccharides potential to prebiotic activity. The study aimed determine effect enzyme concentration length incubation time on characteristics activity chitooligosaccharides. Completely Randomized Desig...

Chitin is an insoluble component in the shells of several molluscan species. It is thought to play important roles, in biomineralization and shell structure. To date, however, reports are scarce and sometimes contradictory, and suffer from methodological problems. Only in a single cephalopod species has the chitin been identified as beta-chitin. We present data on chitin occurrence in 22 specie...

Presently, the snail shells produced wastes that are detrimental to clean immediate environment while over reliance on synthesized polymer suicidal because they not degradable. Hence, biological production of through recycling will signal an ending consequences associated with and synthesis. Therefore, current study is targeted at chitosan extraction, characterization from snail.  Shells w...

Arthropod hemocyanins and phenoloxidases serve different physiological functions as oxygen transporters and enzymes involved in defense reactions, respectively. However, they are equipped with a structurally similar oxygen-binding center. We have shown that the clotting enzyme of the horseshoe crab, Tachypleus tridentatus, functionally converts hemocyanin to phenoloxidase by forming a complex w...

The current model for the ultrastructure of the interlamellar membranes of molluscan nacre imply that they consist of a core of aligned chitin fibers surrounded on both sides by acidic proteins. This model was based on observations taken on previously demineralized shells, where the original structure had disappeared. Despite other earlier claims, no direct observations exist in which the diffe...

Chitin is the second most common polysaccharide found in nature. It is present in crustacean shells, insect exoskeletons, parasitic nematode eggs and gut linings, and in the cell wall of fungi. The deacetylated derivative of chitin, chitosan, is less common but is particularly evident in certain species of fungi, such as Cryptococcus, and the cyst wall of Entamoeba. How mammals sense and respon...

The present study examined the influences of industrial chitin extraction processes on the residual oxytetracycline (OTC) and oxolinic acid (OA) in shrimp carapaces and shells. The drugs were orally administered by catheter to the kuruma shrimp (Penaeus japonicus) and vannamei shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). The shrimps were sampled at 6-h post-dosing and their carapaces and shells were collected an...

Relatively little is known about the number, diversity, and function of chitinases produced by bacteria, even though chitin is one of the most abundant polymers in nature. Because of the importance of chitin, especially in marine environments, we examined chitin-degrading proteins in the marine bacterium Vibrio harveyi. This bacterium had a higher growth rate and more chitinase activity when gr...