Abstract Absences pose a dilemma for theories of causation. Allowing them to be causes seems make too permissive. Banning from being restrictive. An increasingly popular approach this is acknowledge that norms can affect which absences count as causes. In article, I distinguish between two influential implementations such ‘abnormality’ approaches and argue so-called ‘double-prevention mechanism...

This study evaluated the possible protective effect of royal jelly (RJ) on sperm parameters and sperm malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and in vitro fertilizing potential in nicotine (NIC) exposed male mice. Thrtiy-six male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into six groups (n = 6). Group 1 received normal saline, group 2 received 100 mg kg-1 per day RJ, groups 3 and 4 rece...

Background: A high level of sperm chromatin decondensation results in loss DNA quality and it is associated with poor embryonic prognosis Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART). This had lead to introduction compaction testing assessment clinical male infertility. Toluidine blue assay one most commonly used tests measure research studies also routine use. So the objective our study was assess b...

Background: Although sperm selection according to morphologic and motility characteristic, made to some what the fertility successful, but sperm’s normal morphology cannot demonstrate sperm DNA competence. Since the health of sperm DNA is affecting the results of assisted reproductive technology; the aim of this study is to evaluate semen parameters measured by CASA with sperm chromatin abnorma...

abstract : before initiating any endodontic therapy, probability of extra canals should be considered. the incidence of three canals in mandibular second premolar has been reported to be 0.46-0.5%. the present report describes nonsurgical endodontic treatment of three mandibular second premolars with three canals. in these cases, three orifices were located in mesiobuccal, distobuccal and lingu...