Background: β-Hematin (Hemozoin) was synthised inside human erythrocyte by malaria parasite. The parasite avoids the toxic effects by polymerizing heme molecules into insoluble crystalline β-Hematin. C. botrys and A. annua used for the treatment of diseases like malaria, hepatitis, cancers, and inflammations. Objective: Determine of antimalarial and anti-protozoa effects of A. anuuae and C. bo...

The establishment of horse intestinal ci iates was investigated on 12 foals fed on a farm in Hokkaido, Japan, The ciliates not found in the feces directly after rhe birth of the foals, began to be detected in it on and after the 1lth day, The ciliate density reached to almost the same level as that in adult horses, 104/ml, on about the 35th day after birth, The higher the cemposition rate of a ...

Axenic cultures of free-living aerobic ciliates, such as Tetrahymena thermophila and Paramecium aurelia, have been established and routinely used in laboratory research, greatly facilitating, or enabling characterization of their metabolism, physiology, and ecology. Ruminal protozoa are anaerobic ciliates, and they play important roles in feed digestion and fermentation. Although, repeatedly at...

Whether the primary role of bacterioplankton is to act as "remineralizers" of nutrients or as direct nutritional source for higher trophic levels will depend on factors controlling their production and abundance. In tropical lakes, low nutrient concentration is probably the main factor limiting bacterial growth, while grazing by microzooplankton is generally assumed to be the main loss factor f...

We investigated predation rates of small copepods, primarily species of Oithona, on microprotozooplankton and net growth rates of these prey at several locations in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, during an austral summer (January 1997; US JGOFS Process Study II). Ciliates, particularly non-loricate ciliates, contributed substantially to the carbon ration of Oithona spp., averaging 90% body Cd~1, whi...

The freshwater crayfish of the Aras Reservoir is an important economic fisheries resource of West Azarbaijan, Iran. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of parasitic infestation of Crayfish seasonally in this area in 2010. Among 390 different sizes of Astacus leptodactylus which were examined,  a range of ectocommensals or ectosymbionts from a number of different phyla including ...

Research using ciliates revealed early examples of epigenetic phenomena and continues to provide novel findings. These protozoans maintain separate germline and somatic nuclei that carry transcriptionally silent and active genomes, respectively. Examining the differences in chromatin within distinct nuclei of Tetrahymena identified histone variants and established that transcriptional regulator...

Ciliates play important roles as prey and predators in ecosystems. Changes in the ciliate community can affect the composition and population of microfauna and microflora in ecosystems. To investigate the structure of ciliate communities, we developed a nested PCR-DGGE method, which combines a universal eukaryotic-specific primer set in the first PCR step with a ciliate-specific primer set in t...