Aging of the central nervous system (CNS) is one of the major risk factors for the development of neurodegenerative pathologies such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The molecular mechanisms underlying the onset of AD and especially PD are not well understood. However, neuroinflammatory responses mediated by microglia as the resident immune cells of the CNS have been re...

Microglia are one of the resident mononuclear phagocyte populations within the central nervous system (CNS). These cells share many phenotypical and functional characteristics with macrophages, suggesting that microglia participate in innate immune responses in the brain. As such, microglia are uniquely poised to provide an initial line of defense against invading pathogens into the CNS prior t...

Summary Clinical trials involving brain disorders are notoriously difficult to set up and run. Innovative ways develop effective prevention treatment strategies for central nervous system (CNS) diseases urgently needed. New approaches that likely renew or at least modify the paradigms used so far have been recently proposed. Quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) uses mathematical computerized...

Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are infrequently diagnosed in immunocompetent patients, but they do occur in a significant proportion of patients with hematological disorders. In particular, patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation carry a high risk for CNS infections of up to 15%. Fungi and Toxoplasma gondii are the predominant causative agents. The...

thrombin is a multifunctional enzyme which has key roles in coagulation cascade and inflammatory events. the pro-inflammatory functions of thrombin occur by different mechanisms including increasing mast cell degranulation, up-regulating the expression of cell adhesion molecules (cams) and promoting the secretion of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. dysregulated signaling functions of thro...

The assessment of circulating neurotransmitters: noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, platelet serotonin, plasma serotonin and plasma tryptophan before and after many types of stressor agents and neuropharmacological drugs carried out over the last thirty years allowed us to accumulate information dealing with the central nervous system (CNS) versus the peripheral autonomic nervous system (ANS)...

Toxoplasmosis is an opportunistic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii (TG), which affects one third of the global human population and commonly involves central nervous system (CNS)/brain despite so-called CNS immune privilege. Symptomatic clinical disease TG much more associated with immunodeficiency; clinicopathological manifestations toxoplasmosis are linked to individual responses includi...

Transfer RNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) are fragments that originate from mature or precursor tRNAs and a subclass of sRNAs. With the development high-throughput sequencing techniques, real feature tsRNAs has gradually been revealed. functional distinct lengths produced by cleavage different ribonuclease enzymes. exert extensive functions, including gene silencing, translational regulation, re...

According to classical dogma, the central nervous system (CNS) is defined as an immune privileged space. The basis of this theory was rooted in incomplete understanding CNS microenvironment, however, recent advances such identification resident dendritic cells (DC) brain and presence lymphatics have deepened our neuro-immune axis revolutionized field neuroimmunology. It now understood that many...