1 Copyright of the paper is reserved by IFAD. The paper may not be reproduced in part or in full and in any form without written permission of the Conference Organisers at IFAD (SUMMARY This paper provides an overview of agricultural and economic characteristics of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), in comparison with other developing regions and the opportunities which the medium-term outlook holds for...

The determination of the occurrence and level of cocoa shells in cocoa products and chocolate is an important analytical issue. The recent European Union directive on cocoa and chocolate products (2000/36/EC) has not retained the former limit of a maximum amount of 5% of cocoa shells in cocoa nibs (based on fat-free dry matter), previously authorized for the elaboration of cocoa products such a...

Abstract Cocoa is known as shade-loving plants, i.e. plants that suitably grow with shaded conditions. Therefore, particular cultivation techniques are needed, such planting shade trees to cover cocoa from direct sunlight exposure. The utilization of annual and seasonal crops, coconut corn, can provide several benefits for farmers, including optimal early growth seedlings, the byproduct short-t...

Community wellbeing is depends on individual levels of people who belong to the community and also research purpose interest. Work performance cocoa farmers has played a significant role in contributing production Malaysia since 2006. The low was reported due productivity beans produced by farmers. Productivity 2020 0.19 tonne, which means 38% achieved from expected outcome. Cocoa play roles de...

The coiled-coil coactivator (CoCoA) is a transcriptional coactivator for nuclear receptors and enhances nuclear receptor function by the interaction with the bHLH-PAS domain (AD3) of p160 coactivators. The C-terminal activation domain (AD) of CoCoA possesses strong transactivation activity and is required for the coactivator function of CoCoA with nuclear receptors. To understand how CoCoA AD t...

This paper analyses smallholder farmers’ willingness to participate in crop insurance programs, using recent data from cocoa farmers Ghana. Given the significance of output uncertainty and imperfect capital markets, we develop a theoretical framework analyse how risk ambiguity aversion, liquidity constraints influence participation decisions. We employ field experiments elicit stated preference...

An inverse relation exists between intake of flavonoid-rich foods, such as cocoa, and cardiovascular-related mortality. Favorable effects of flavonoids on the endothelium may underlie these associations. We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to test the hypothesis that acute cocoa ingestion dose dependently increases endothelium-dependent vasodilation, as measured by...

The study assessed the prospects and challenges of producing and marketing of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) by rural households with the view to improving their socio-economic contributions to rural livelihoods. Data collection was conducted in Ondo State, Southwest Nigeria. The respondents that was sampled for the study comprise of farmers who produced NTFPs on their farms. Multistage sam...

Indonesia is the third largest cocoa-producing country in the world. Knowledge of genetic diversity and parentage of farmer selections is important for effective selection and rational deployment of superior cacao clones in farmers' fields. We assessed genetic diversity and parentage of 53 farmer selections of cacao in Sulawesi, Indonesia, using 152 international clones as references. Cluster a...

Cocoa alone accounts for more than 46% of export earnings and employs two-thirds the working population. Despite this social importance, sustainability cocoa orchards in Côte d'Ivoire is compromised by several biotic constraints. The objective study to determine main pests plantations area study, examine perception farmers on importance these assess their knowledge managing threat. To end, a su...