combination of kinetic proofreading and induced fit in tRNA selection provides a suitable balance between fidelity and rapid elongation rates. If we take the simplest case of kinetic proofreading, where there are no differences in forward rate constants introduced by induced fit — where k 3 and k 5 are equivalent for both cognate and near-cognate tRNAs — significant discrimination between cogna...

The fidelity of aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) selection by the bacterial ribosome is determined by initial selection before and proofreading after GTP hydrolysis by elongation factor Tu. Here we report the rate constants of A-site binding of a near-cognate aa-tRNA. The comparison with the data for cognate aa-tRNA reveals an additional, important contribution to aa-tRNA discrimination of conformation...

Antennapedia (Antp)-class homeobox genes are involved in the determination of pattern formation along the anterior-posterior axis of the animal embryo. A phylogenetic analysis of Antp-class homeodomains of the nematode, Drosophila, amphioxus, mouse, and human indicates that the 13 cognate group genes of this gene family can be divided into two major groups, i.e., groups I and II. Group I genes ...

The cognate advantage in bilingual children varies strength across groups and individuals, particular on receptive measures (e.g. picture-identification). This variation may be due to children’s developing ability benefit from cognates such tasks, yet longitudinal studies of this phenomenon, especially with older children, are rare. Using cross-sectional analyses picture-identification performa...

CD4(+) T cells are known to provide support for the activation and expansion of primary CD8(+) T cells, their subsequent differentiation, and ultimately their survival as memory cells. However, the importance of cognate memory CD4(+) T cells in the expansion of memory CD8(+) T cells after re-exposure to Ag has been not been examined in detail. Using bone marrow-derived dendritic cells pulsed wi...

RESUMÉ Dans deux expériences bilingues d’amorçage masqué (du Grec : L1 au Français : L2) nous avons testé le rôle des facteurs morphologique et phonologique dans l’accès des cognates, en évacuant la similarité orthographique, grâce à la différence d’alphabet entre les deux langues. Les résultats permettent de rejeter l’explication purement morphologique de l’effet cognate, d’une part, parce que...

A potential connection between physico-chemical properties of mRNAs and cognate proteins, with implications concerning both the origin of the genetic code and mRNA-protein interactions, is unexplored. We compare pyrimidine content of naturally occurring mRNA coding sequences with the propensity of cognate protein sequences to interact with pyrimidines. The latter is captured by polar requiremen...