This paper offers a simple but powerful model of wishful thinking, cognitive dissonance, and related biases. Choices maximize subjective expected utility, but beliefs depend on the decision maker's interests as well as on relevant information. Simplifying assumptions yield a representation in which the payoff in an event affects beliefs as if it were part of the evidence about its likelihood. A...

Vasodilatory responses to exogenous nitric oxide (NO) are diminished following exposure to chronic hypoxia (CH) in isolated, perfused rat lungs. We hypothesized that both endothelium-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) mediate this attenuated NO-dependent pulmonary vasodilation following CH. To test this hypothesis, we examined vasodilatory and vascular smooth muscle (...

The thesis of embodied cognition has developed as an alternative to the view that cognition is mediated, at least in part, by symbolic representations. A useful testing ground for the embodied cognition hypothesis is the representation of concepts. An embodied view of concept representation argues that concepts are represented in a modality-specific format. I argue that questions about represen...

BACKGROUND Trace amines, including tyramine, octopamine, and synephrine, are closely related to classic biogenic amines. They have been hypothesized to promote migraines and other types of primary headaches, but there is no direct evidence supporting this hypothesis. METHODS Using a multichannel electrochemical high-performance liquid chromatography system, the authors evaluated whether chang...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the seasonal variations in the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) in the screening program of CH in Isfahan, Iran. METHODS In this study, we compiled the data obtained retrospectively from CH screening results of 113282 neonates from 17 maternity hospitals in Isfahan, Iran from June 2002 to December 2005. The seasonal variation in the incidence of CH, as well as...

In recent years evolutionary psychologists have developed and defended the Massive Modularity Hypothesis, which maintains that our cognitive architecture—including the part that subserves 'central processing'—is largely or perhaps even entirely composed of innate, domain-specific computational mechanisms or 'modules'. In this paper I argue for two claims. First, I show that the two main argumen...

This paper offers a simple but powerful model of wishful thinking, cognitive dissonance, and related biases. Choices maximize subjective expected utility, but beliefs depend on the decision maker’s interests as well as on relevant information. Simplifying assumptions yield a representation in which the payoff in an event affects beliefs as if it were part of the evidence about its likelihood. A...

In the original version of this Article, the Abstract contains a typographical error. " We identified a ch-TOG centred network of genetic interactions which promotes ensures centrosome-mediated microtubule polymerisation, leading to the incorporation of microtubules polym-erised by all pathways into a bipolar structure. " should read: " We identified a ch-TOG centred network of genetic interact...

Lawrence A. Shapiro University of Wisconsin – Madison Department of Philosophy 5185 H.C. White Hall Madison, WI 53706 [email protected] REVIEW OF: The Bounds of Cognition, Frederick Adams and Kenneth Aizawa, 2008, Malden: Blackwell Publishing. Fred Adams and Ken Aizawa have done a fine thing in this short and engaging challenge to the hypothesis of extended cognition. In brief, they have (i) su...