This paper investigates how government-led banking liberalization affects credit allocation by banks using as a quasi-natural experiment the establishment of city commercial (CCBs) in China. Based on more than three million corporate financial statements spanning over 16 years, we find that CCBs led to 6–14 % drop debt funding for private firms, well 1–2 rise their costs. At same time, infrastr...

This article discusses the features of a bank guarantee and letter credit, some aspects settlements under credit in provision trade finance services by commercial banks.

We discuss the challenges in developing decision support tools for commercial underwriting and discuss how several different approaches to the underwriting problem have been addressed. We then describe an expert system-based approach to credit underwriting that has been in commercial usage for over ten years in a variety of financial institutions. The expert system approach addresses many featu...