The tension between exploitation of the best options and exploration of alternatives is a ubiquitous problem that all organisms face. To examine this trade-off across species, pigeons and people were trained on an eight-armed bandit task in which the options were rewarded on a variable interval (VI) schedule. At regular intervals, each option's VI changed, thus encouraging dynamic increases in ...

We propose a scheme to test Bell's inequalities for an arbitrary number of measurement outcomes on entangled continuous-variable (CV) states. The Bell correlation functions are expressible in terms of phase-space quasiprobability functions with complex ordering parameters, which can experimentally be determined via a local CV-qubit interaction. We demonstrate that CV systems can give higher vio...

Using microarray experiments, we can model causal relationships of genes measured through mRNA expression levels. To this end, it is desirable to compare experiments of the system under complete interventions of some genes, such as by knock out of some genes, with experiments of the system under no interventions. However, it is expensive and difficult to conduct wet lab experiments of complete ...

The instrumental variable (IV) design is a well-known approach for unbiased evaluation of causal effects in the presence of unobserved confounding. In this article, we study the IV approach to account for selection bias in regression analysis with outcome missing not at random. In such a setting, a valid IV is a variable which (i) predicts the nonresponse process, and (ii) is independent of the...

The variable prescription is widely described under the clinical aspect: the clinics is the result of the evolution of the state-of-the-art, aspect that is less considered in the daily literature. The state-of-the-art is the key to understand not only how we reach where we are but also to learn how to manage propely the torque, focusing on the technical and biomechanical purpos-es that led to t...

we have analysed data from 150 patients initially classified as having cvid. about 10% had laboratory abnormalities suggesting known single gene disorders (eg: hyper-igm syndrome), and in a few a genetic defect has been confirmed. we have attempted to sub-classify the remaining patients by analysis of their circulating lymphocytes. b lymphocyte markers have been used to estimate the numbers of ...