Our paper describes results from a study of the speech of Puerto Rican children and adolescents in North Philadelphia. During a yearlong research project in the community we observed extensive use of phonological and grammatical forms considered prototypical of African American English (AAE). Previous studies have documented the use of AAE features by Puerto Ricans in communities in New York Ci...

This article explores the process of grammaticalization that has lead to innovation a distinct form negation in Arizona Tewa, Kiowa-Tanoan language spoken U. S. southwest. After reviewing comparative linguistic evidence clearly establishes innovative Tewa negative, analysis proceeds examine ethnographic data as means understanding an apparent reanalysis subordinate clause marker obligatory part...

There has been an increased interest in data generation approaches to grammatical error correction (GEC) using pseudo data. However, these suffer from several issues that make them inconvenient for real-world deployment including a demand large amounts of training On the other hand, some errors based on rules may not necessarily require amount if GEC models can realize generalization. This stud...

This paper studies the inducement of sequentiality in genetic algorithms (GAs) for uniformly-scaled problems. Sequentiality is a phenomenon in which sub-solutions converge sequentially in time in contrast to uniform convergence observed for uniformly-scaled problems. This study uses three different grammatical genetic codes to induce sequentiality. Genotypic genes in the grammatical codes are i...

The demand for computer-assisted language learning systems that can provide corrective feedback on language learners’ speaking has increased. However, it is not a trivial task to detect grammatical errors in oral conversations because of the unavoidable errors of automatic speech recognition systems. To provide corrective feedback, a novel method to detect grammatical errors in speaking perform...

lf as the grammatical locus of semantic interpretation in minimalism implies that lf is the only level at which any structural condition can be checked. accordingly, cross over effects provides some evidence for the existence of lf. to provide further evidence for the universality of cross over effects at lf, a comparative research between persian-english, turkish-english and persian-turkish ha...

This paper analyses the syntax and semantics of English comparatives, and some types of ellipsis. It improves on other recent analyses in the computational linguistics literature in three respects: (i) it uses no treeor logical-form rewriting devices in building meaning representations (ii) this results in a fully reversible linguistic description, equally suited for analysis or generation (iii...