Complete genome sequence data led rapidly to the conclusion that ancient genome duplications had shaped the genomes of the model organisms Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Arabidopsis thaliana. Recent contributions have gone on to refine date estimates for these duplications and, in the case of Arabidopsis, to infer additional, more ancient, rounds of duplication by reconstructing gene order before...

Diphallia or penile duplication is an extremely rare congenital anomaly. It occurs once in every 5.5 million live births. The extent of penile duplication and the number of associated anomalies vary greatly, ranging from a double glans from a penis with no associated anomaly up to complete penile duplication associated with multiple anomalies. Here, we report a 12-year-old boy with complete bif...

Female urethral duplication is a rare congenital anomaly. We report a case of complete urethral duplication along with horseshoe kidney in a four-years-old female child presenting with incontinence since childhood.

gastrointestinal duplications are rare congenital malformations and they may vary greatly in presentation, size, location and symptoms. the presence of ectopic gastric mucosa (egm) in them is not common and they are difficult to diagnose prior to surgery. we present the case of a child with long intestinal duplication with ectopic gastric mucosa who presented with just severe anaemia and delaye...

Gastrointestinal (GI) duplication cysts are a rare congenital disease. They may involve any level of the alimentary tract, but they most commonly involve the ileum, esophagus, and jejunum. Gastric duplication cysts represent approximately 4-8% of GI duplication cysts, the majority of which present in early childhood. We present a rare case of adult gastric duplication cyst in a 25-year-old fema...

Abstract The ureter is commonly the subject of congenital anatomical variations involving either complete or incomplete duplication. Complete duplication may not produce symptoms and therefore does become apparent until later in life. This condition most encountered incidentally during extraction impacted ureteric stones. type anomaly more common females. However, this extremely rare incident a...