The digital signature provides the functions of integration, authentication, and non-repudiation for the signing message. In some applications, however, the signature only needs to be verified by some specified recipients while keeping the message secret from the public. The authenticated encryption schemes can be used to achieve this purpose. To protect the recipient’s benefit in the case of a...

Borylalkenes are found to serve as efficient dienophiles in a cycloaddition reaction with o-quinodimethanes, giving diverse boryltetralins, which are convertible into borylnaphthalenes via an oxidative aromatization.

Abstract Convertible cellulose and lignin were simultaneously isolated from wheat straw using a two-stage process via simply varying temperature H 2 SO 4 concentration. At the first-stage, was obtained by pretreating at lower acid concentration an organosolv process. The purity, yield recovery rate of reached 86.8 wt%, 55.2 92.8% 150 °C with 1 wt% . second stage, residual liquid further treated...

This paper provides a new explanation for the use of convertible preferred equity in venture capital. It explains that the key feature of the convertible security is to create different cash flow rights for acquisitions and IPOs. It shows how the convertible security implements an optimal trade-off between the need to allocate cash flows to the venture capitalist and the desire to make efficien...

In this paper, we introduce the concept of multi-stage compound options to the valuation of convertible bonds. Rather than evaluating a nested high-dimensional integral that has arisen from the valuation of multistage compound options, we found that adopting the Finite Difference Method (FDM) to solve the BlackScholes equation for each stage actually resulted in a better numerical efficiency. B...