While there is evidence that politics matter for international cooperation, the impact on economic integration of the quality of institutions has been given short shrift in the previous literature. I argue that the quality of institutions—control of corruption and enforcement of the rule of law, in particular—raises the quantity and the quality of information available to potential member state...

This report on Photon Colliders briefly reviews three main issues: physics motivation, possible parameters and technical feasibility, plans of works and international cooperation. New scheme of laser optics at the interaction region is described which can drastically (at least by one order) reduce the cost of the laser system.

A concern with international cooperation in psychology has been present since the beginnings of psychology as a science. In this article, the author traces the development of international cooperation from the late 19th century to the present day to document the interesting ways in which the forms of collaboration have always been related to the large social and political contexts of which they...

In a highly interconnected world, immunizing infections are a transboundary problem, and their control and elimination require international cooperation and coordination. In the absence of a global or regional body that can impose a universal vaccination strategy, each individual country sets its own strategy. Mobility of populations across borders can promote free-riding, because a country can...

background: absolute dosimetry of external beam radiotherapy is carried out by the use of ionization chambers. these chambers must be calibrated at a standard dosimetry laboratory before any use in clinical dosimetry. the secondary standard dosimetry laboratory of iran (ssdl) has the duty of calibrating the ionization chambers used in radiotherapy centers in iran. materials and methods: the pre...

More than 40 years of evaluation have consistently confirmed the carcinogenicity of asbestos in all of its forms. This notwithstanding, according to recent figures, the annual world production of asbestos is approximatively 2,000,000 tons. Currently, about 90% of world asbestos comes from four countries: Russia, China, Brazil and Kazakhstan; and the wide use of asbestos worldwide represents a g...