According to the theory of the development of the shouldergirdle of Gegenbaur (1898), the embryonic coracoid is connected with the clavicle by the cartilaginous procoracoid. In the course of normal development, this bone becomes fibrous and is ultimately transformed into the coracoclavicular ligaments. On their surface, in normal adults, nests of chondrocytes and even small nodules of cartilage...

Acromioclavicular joint injuries represent nearly half of all athletic shoulder injuries, often resulting from a fall onto the tip of the shoulder with the arm in adduction. Stability of this joint depends on the integrity of the acromioclavicular ligaments and capsule as well as the coracoclavicular ligaments and the trapezius and deltoid muscles. Along with clinical examination for tenderness...

Displaced fractures of the lateral end of the clavicle are associated with an increased risk of nonunion with conservative treatment; therefore, operative treatment is recommended. Various operative treatments have been suggested, but no consensus exists regarding a gold standard for the surgical treatment of this type of fracture. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical and radiolog...

We describe a novel surgical technique for the treatment of displaced distal clavicular fractures in children. These fractures are rare, and recommendations on treatment vary. Conservative treatment might lead to persistent deformity and limitations of function. Previous reports of surgical treatment involve fracture fixation with K-wires. This requires a routine sequential reoperation to remov...

Malunion after double disruption injuries of the superior shoulder suspensory complex accompanied by shoulder pain and dysfunction has been reported infrequently. A 37-year-old man had a double disruption injury (fractures of the distal clavicle and the base of the coracoid process). Conservative treatment resulted in malunion. Twelve months after the injury, pain continued in the coracoclavicu...

UNLABELLED We present a case of chronic acromioclavicular joint dislocation (Rockwood type 5) in which the choice of acromioclavicular reconstruction using autogenous semitendinosus tendon graft was made due to its superiority in anatomical reconstruction of the coracoclavicular ligaments, and the impact of postoperative rehabilitation on the recovery of this patient. We also discuss the ration...

OBJECTIVE To compare the clinical and radiographic results from osteosynthesis of fractures of the lateral third of the clavicle, using two methods: T plates or anchors together with Kirschner wires. METHODS Fifteen patients of mean age 34.3 years (range: 19-57) and mean follow-up 22.7 months (range: 14-32) were evaluated. In nine cases, a T plate was used; and in six cases, coracoclavicular ...

Objective This study aims to describe the surgical approach to such injuries and to present the clinical and functional outcomes obtained in a cohort of patients. Methods This is an observational retrospective study that included 153 patients with acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation, operated between 1999 and 2015. Clinical evaluation included the following outcomes: Constant functional...