Introduction The coronary sinus (CS) is a critical structure that has helped aid electrophysiologists by providing information about epicardial activation along the mitral annulus. Additionally, the advent of biventricular pacing utilizes the CS venous system for lead placement. The CS collects the venous drainage of the atrial and ventricular venous branches and drains into the right atrium (R...

Introduction Atrial arrhythmia is common in patients with an atrial septal defect (ASD). Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the main cause of morbidity in older patients with ASD. An unroofed coronary sinus (CS) is rare (in,1% of all types of ASD) and is often associated with persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) and other forms of complex congenital heart disease and heterotaxy syndromes. Unroof...

Coronary sinus (CS) dissection during biventricular pacing electrode implantation is a complication that rarely develops. A 71-year-old female with recurrent ventricular tachycardia, heart decompensation, and poor left ventricular function because of dilated cardiomyopathy was admitted for the implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator for biventricular pacing. During the operation, we experi...

INTRODUCTION Alongside the remarkable progress in therapeutic strategies destined to patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), a growing number of patients who suffer from severe and diffuse CAD not amenable for revascularization, continue to experience severe debilitating angina despite optimal medical therapy. The Coronary Sinus (CS) Reducer has emerged as a novel therapeutic strategy for ...

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) using left- (LV) or biventricular pacing is widely applied in selected heart failure patients. However, transvenous LV-lead placement into coronary sinus (CS) branches can be challenging. A 77-year-old female patient with New York Heart Association class III symptoms due to dilated cardiomyopathy [LV ejection fraction (LVEF): 10%, QRS-duration: 150 ms], d...

We hypothesized that nitric oxide (NO), in addition to beta-adrenergic effects, may contribute to exercise-induced coronary responses after alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade. Data were analyzed as relationships between coronary sinus (CS) O(2) saturation (CS O(2)sat) or coronary blood flow (CBF) and myocardial O(2) consumption (MVO(2)). As MVO(2) increased, CS O(2)sat fell more (P < 0.05) afte...

BACKGROUND Implantation of devices into the coronary sinus (CS)/great cardiac vein (GCV) to reshape the mitral annulus (MA) is being investigated, despite these structures not being within the same plane and coronary arteries frequently traversing between them. Furthermore, dynamic changes in their relationship have never been studied. We analyzed the CS/GCV dimensions and its relationship with...

OBJECTIVES This study examined the efficacy of a novel system to remove contrast from the coronary sinus (CS) using an adsorbing column during coronary angiography. BACKGROUND Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) has become a serious problem for patients with pre-existing renal insufficiency undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS Eight swine were studied to evaluate the ...

A transvenous lead system for implantable defibrillators would obviate a surgical thoracotomy and reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with implantation. We evaluated the clinical performance of a new nonthoracotomy lead system that included a defibrillation lead in the coronary sinus. At the time of defibrillator implantation, transvenous defibrillation leads were inserted percutaneou...

OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress as a result of reperfusion injury is a known causative factor of cardiac muscle injury. In the peripheral blood as well in the coronary sinus, oxidative stress parameters and cardiac biomarkers were measured to investigate the different levels of oxidative stress during three different CABG techniques; MCABG (with minimal prime volume and warm blood cardioplegia) that...