Anomalous communication between the coronary arterial tree and a cardiac chamber or great vessel was first described by Krause in 1865. To date more than 100 cases have been reported. The earlier papers consisted of descriptions of necropsies but in the past few years, the introduction of heart catheterization, intracardiac phonocardiography, and angiocardiographic techniques has enhanced the i...

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between hypertension and aldosterone-renin ratio (ARR) with the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on non-diabetic patients who were candidate for coronary angiography in Shafa hospital in Kerman in 2017. The levels of active renin and ald...

Coronary anomalies comprise a diverse group of malformations, some of them asymptomatic with a benign course, and the others related to symptoms as chest pain and sudden death. Such anomalies may be classified as follows: 1) anomalies of origination and course; 2) anomalies of intrinsic coronary arterial anatomy; 3) anomalies of coronary termination. The origin and the proximal course of anomal...

OBJECTIVE Septal defects and coronary vessel anomalies are common congenital heart defects, yet their ontogeny and the underlying genetic mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we investigated the role of chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor II (COUP-TFII, NR2F2) in cardiac organogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed embryos deficient in COUP-TFII and observed a spec...

Coronary artery anomalies represent a disease spectrum from incidental to life-threatening. Anomalies of coronary artery origin and course are well-recognized in human medicine, but have received limited attention in veterinary medicine. Coronary artery anomalies are best described in the dog, hamster, and cow though reports also exist in the horse and pig. The most well-known anomaly in veteri...

Background: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a glycoprotein with inhibitory effects on the formation of plasmin from plasminogen by plasminogen activator. Thus, it prevents clot lysis in vessel walls. Several evidences prove the relationship between coronary artery disease and response to fibrinolytic therapy in patients with myocardial infarction with PAI-1 level. Opium addiction i...

Coronary artery fistulae (CAF) are either congenital or acquired coronary artery abnormalities, that have different anatomical appearance; with varying degree of shunting (Qp/ Qs); and associated cardiac anomalies [1]. Etiologies include high cardiac output state and congestive heart failure with shunting of blood into a cardiac chamber, great vessel, or other structures, bypassing the myocardi...

Coronary artery anomalies include the anomalies of origin, termination, and structure or course. Coronary artery fistulas (CAFs) are classified as the anomalies of termination and are considered a major congenital anomaly and are in the subgroup of acyanotic heart disease.1 • Atrial septal defect • Ventricular septal defect • Patent ductus arteriosus • Aortic stenosis • Pulmonary stenosis • Par...