Most cool core clusters of galaxies possess active galactic nuclei (AGN) in their centers. These AGN inflate buoyant bubbles containing non-thermal radio emitting particles. If such bubbles efficiently confine cosmic rays (CR) then this could explain “radio ghosts” seen far from cluster centers. We simulate the diffusion of cosmic rays from buoyant bubbles inflated by AGN. Our simulations inclu...

1550-7998=20 Magnetic fields of unknown origin appear to permeate the Universe on all large scales. We suggest that the winds and cosmic rays, which are produced by the spherical ejecta and jets from supernova explosions, magnetize the interstellar medium in galaxies, the intracluster medium in galaxy clusters, and the intergalactic space. We show that, if the cosmic rays generate magnetic fiel...

Recent measurements of cosmic rays by various experiments have found that the energy spectrum of cosmic rays is harder in the TeV region than at GeV energies. The origin of the spectral hardening is not clearly understood. In this paper, we discuss the possibility that the spectral hardening might be due to the effect of re-acceleration of cosmic rays by weak shocks associated with old supernov...

The paper describes methods used for the detection of cosmic rays with energies above 1018 eV (UHECR, UltraHigh Energy Cosmic Rays). It had been anticipated there would be a cutoff in the energy spectrum of primary cosmic rays around 3·1019 eV induced by their interaction with the 2.7 K primordial photons. This has become known as the GZK cutoff. However, several showers have been detected with...

We discuss the most recent developments in our understanding of the acceleration and propagation of cosmic rays up to the highest energies. In particular we specialize our discussion to three issues: 1) developments in the theory of particle acceleration at shock waves; 2) the transition from galactic to extragalactic cosmic rays; 3) implications of up-to-date observations for the origin of ult...

This work extends our previous two-dimensional self-consistent model of the cosmic rays interacting with the solar wind to include anomalous cosmic rays. As before, energetic particles are described kinetically using a Parker equation. The model includes diffusion, convection, and drift effects, as well as shock and compression acceleration and expansion cooling by nonuniform solar wind flow. A...

The theory of diffusive particle acceleration explains the spectral properties of the cosmic rays below energies of ≃ 10 eV as produced at strong shocks in supernova remnants (SNR’s). To supply the observed flux of cosmic rays, a significant fraction of the energy released by a supernova has to be transfered to cosmic rays. The key to the question of the efficiency of SNR’s in producing cosmic ...

Four billion years ago, sea-level UV exposure was more than 400 times as intense as today, the dose from solar cosmic rays was five times present levels, and galactic cosmic rays accounted for only about 10% their current contribution to sea-level radiation doses. Exposure to cosmic radiation accounts for about 10% of natural background radiation exposure today and includes dose from galactic c...

In this review it will be attempted to briefly cover some of the recent developments in the observation of photons and neutrinos to constrain models on the origin and acceleration of cosmic rays. It appears that EGRET on board of CGRO provides most valuable new data in that context. Data from high energy airshower arrays and Tscherenkov telescopes add to the picture although not yet strong enou...

We derive constraints which must be satisfied by the sources of ∼ 1015 to ∼ 1018 eV cosmic rays, under the assumption that the sources are Galactic. We show that while these constraints are not satisfied by ordinary supernovae, which are believed to be the sources of . 1015 eV cosmic rays, they may be satisfied by the recently discovered class of trans-relativistic supernovae (TRSNe), supernova...