pricing policies play an important role in water demand management and its optimal allocation. determining proper water price leads to optimal allocation of water especially in agricultural consumptions. applying new subsidy targeting law in iran which insists on pricing water based on its supply cost, will effects considerably on water resource management in agriculture sector. so, in this stu...

INCE 1974, FOLLOWING PUBLICATION of Schuh’s “The Macroeconomics of Agriculture,” much research effort has been devoted to determining whether and how monetary policy affects the farm sector. One of the more active areas of interest has been the question of whether changes in the money stock affect the farm! nonfarm product relative price ratio. The reason for this particular interest, as descri...

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the cost and benefits of a national rotavirus childhood vaccination program in Mexico. METHODS A decision-analysis model was designed to take the Mexican health care system's perspective on a comparison of two alternatives: to vaccinate against rotavirus or not. Using published, national data, estimations were calculated for the rotavirus illnesses, deaths, and disabili...

Few studies analyze the endogenous emergence of price competition in a new product market. This paper analyzes two differentiated products, an existing and newly introduced substitutable product, investigates conditions under which endogenously emerges market context choice between engaging holding leadership. We demonstrate that Bertrand when setup cost for is high enough. result implies gover...

This paper focuses on the design of cost sharing rules to optimize the efficiency of the resulting equilibria in cost sharing games with concave cost functions. Our analysis focuses on two well-studied measures of efficiency, termed the price of anarchy and price of stability, which provide worstcase guarantees on the performance of the (worst or best) equilibria. Our first result characterizes...

Background Pembrolizumab is a new drug approved in several countries for second-line therapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) being programmed cell death ligand (PD-L1) positive. This drug has a high cost, and the cost-effectiveness ratio has been debated. Patients and methods The budget impact to the Northern Norwegian Regional Health Authority trust of implementing pembrolizumab in sec...