Suppose two judges each classify a group of objects into one of several nominal categories. It has been observed in the literature that, for fixed observed agreement between the judges, Cohen’s kappa penalizes judges with similar marginals compared to judges who produce different marginals. This paper presents a formal proof of this phenomenon.

T heory suggests that Japanese politicians have weaker incentives than U.S. politicians to keep lower court judges independent. Accordingly, we hypothesize that Japanese lower court judges who defer on sensitive political questions will do better in their careers. To test this, we assemble several new data sets and measure the quality of the assignments received by about 400 judges after decidi...

The purpose of this study was to compare apology strategies used by Iranian EFL learner students and native English speaking students (NSS) in formal and informal situations. The aim was further to investigate gender differentiation among participants. For this purpose, data were elicited from 40 Iranian (16 males and 24 females) and 40 native English speaking students (20 males and 20 females)...

The article covers the international standards and reveals their features in context of formation judiciary as a basis for improving guarantees independence court judges. It is established that reorganization will affect relationship between Supreme Council Justice Qualification Commission Judges Ukraine. Ensuring currently one main priorities this reorganization. determined principles judges a...

We derive the gravitational Hamiltonian starting from the Gauss-Bonnet action, keeping track of all surface terms. This is done using the language of orthonormal frames and forms to keep things as tidy as possible. The surface terms in the Hamiltonian give a remarkably simple expression for the total energy of a spacetime. This expression is consistent with energy expressions found in hep-th/02...