This application note describes the separation of caffeine on C18 resin using the MultiColumn Countercurrent Solvent Gradient Purification (MCSGP) process. The KNAUER Contichrom® system that is offered in a cooperation of KNAUER and Chromacon is the only system on the market, which can be used in MCSGP mode for difficult separations of biological or non-biological compounds. MCSGP is a counterc...

The kinetics of development of protein-synthesizing capacity in the imbibing wheat embryo, were studied both in vivo and in vitro. During the first 30 minutes of imbibition protein-synthesizing capacity rises rapidly, lagging about 10 minutes behind water uptake. This rise in synthesizing capacity is accompanied by an increase in polysome content. As imbibition continues, both protein-synthesiz...

An experimental method was developed to measure both steam-water and air-water capillary pressures using an X-ray CT technique. We conducted spontaneous water imbibition and gravity drainage in ceramic core samples for steam-water and air-water systems respectively. The results were compared, and it was found that the steam-water capillary pressures were significantly less than the airwater cap...

TRUETA et al. proposed in 1947 that morphological differences between renal cortical and medullary structures reflect a '"fundamental difference in the function of the cortical and juxtamedullary vasculonephric units.' This proposition was reinforced when Wirz et al. first published evidence for the countercurrent mechanism as the basis for urinary concentration in 1951. The countercurrent hypo...

The Contichrom® CUBE Combined and Contichrom HPLC systems use batch and continuous periodic countercurrent (PCC) processes for purification of target proteins, peptides, and small molecules. Multicolumn Countercurrent Solvent Gradient Purification (MCSGP) is a unique PCC polishing process that provides superior yield and purity at high productivity. In order to keep the MCSGP process at an opti...

Phytochrome has been shown to be involved in the germination of seeds of a number of pine species as determined by the responses of these seeds to red and far-red irradiations (4, 7, 9). Nyman (7) found that even before imbibition, germination of Pinits silvestris seeds can be promoted by red irradiation. McLemore (5) found that germination of longleaf pine seed (P. palustris) can be repeatedly...

We report the influence of the nature of boundaries on the dynamics of wetting. We review some work recently published and highlight new experimental observations. Our paper begins with the spreading of drops on substrates and demonstrates how the exponents of the spreading laws are affected either by the surface chemistry or by the droplet shape. We then discuss the imbibition of completely an...

Development of mitochondrial activities in pea cotyledons during early times after the start of imbibition occurred in two phases. In the first phase (0 to 8 hours after the start of imbibition), succinate or NADH oxidation increased rapidly, while malate or alpha-ketoglutarate oxidation remained low. The latter activities developed only 8 to 12 hours after the start of imbibition (the second p...

A method has been developed to infer the wettability of steam-water-rock systems based on the relationship between permeability and capillary pressure by Purcell. The Purcell model was extended to two-phase flow to verify whether the wettability is a function of water saturation. The results calculated using the experimental data showed that the wettability index in drainage was greater than th...

The spontaneous imbibition of liquid in nanopores of different roughness is investigated using coarse grain molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The numerical model is presented and the simplifying assumptions are discussed in detail. The molecular-kinetic theory introduced by Blake is used to describe the effect of dynamic contact angle on fluid imbibition. The capillary roughness is modeled us...