It is widely held that debugging cyber-physical systems (CPS) is challenging. However, few empirical studies quantitatively and qualitatively capture the state of the art and the state of the practice in debugging CPS and analyze what major research gaps remain. This paper presents an empirical study of verification and validation in CPS through three complementary methods: a structured on-line...

A T cell-dependent immune response to group C meningococcal capsular polysaccharide (CPS) can be elicited when CPS is conjugated to the class 3 neisserial porin (CPS-porin). Treatment of CPS-porin-immunized mice with B7-2 blocking monoclonal antibody (MAb) caused a dramatic reduction in the CPS-specific IgG response, treatment with anti-B7-1 MAb had no effect, and concurrent blockade of B7-1 an...

Group B streptococci (GBS) colonize the female genital and rectal tracts and can cause invasive infection in susceptible newborns. An optimally effective GBS vaccine should induce mucosal and systemic immunity. In this study, we investigate the local and systemic immune responses to GBS type III capsular polysaccharide (CPS) after mucosal vaccination of mice via intranasal, peroral, rectal, and...

The sequences of the capsular biosynthetic (cps) loci of 90 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae have recently been determined. Bioinformatic procedures were used to predict the general functions of 1,973 of the 1,999 gene products and to identify proteins within the same homology group, Pfam family, and CAZy glycosyltransferase family. Correlating cps gene content with the 54 known capsular p...

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate recommendations for weaning off cardiopulmonary support (CPS) in children with fulminant myocarditis. METHODS AND RESULTS Four consecutive patients diagnosed with fulminant myocarditis who were treated with CPS were enrolled (mean age: 9 years). The relationships between timing of weaning from CPS and various factors, inclu...

The rmpA2 gene, which encodes an activator for capsular polysaccharide (CPS) synthesis, was isolated from a 200-kb virulence plasmid of Klebsiella pneumoniae CG43. Based on the sequence homology with LuxR at the carboxyl-terminal DNA-binding motif, we hypothesized that RmpA2 exerts its effect by activating the expression of cps genes that are responsible for CPS biosynthesis. Two luxAB transcri...

Article history: Received 12 July 2011 Received in revised form 2 November 2011 Accepted 10 November 2011 Available online 3 December 2011 This study investigates the internal structure and construct validity of Complex Problem Solving (CPS), which ismeasured by aMultiple-Item-Approach. It is tested, if (a) three facets of CPS – rule identification (adequateness of strategies), rule knowledge (...

Since the first occurrence of O139 Vibrio cholerae as a cause of cholera epidemics, this serogroup has been investigated intensively, and it has been found that its pathogenicity is comparable to that of O1 El Tor strains. O139 isolates express a thin capsule, composed of a polymer of repeating units structurally identical to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O side chain. In this study, we investig...

As demand for mobile data increases, end users increasingly experience high monetary costs for consuming data. Sponsored data is a new pricing model that allows content providers (CPs) to subsidize this cost. It thus offers the potential to benefit multiple Internet stakeholders: users can experience lower data costs, CPs can attract more users by subsidizing their data access, and ISPs (Intern...

The role of Vi-capsular polysaccharide (Vi-CPS) in human immunity against infection caused by Salmonella typhi is well known. The downstream process of purification generally causes depolymerization of Vi-CPS to a nonimmunogenic low molecular weight form. In the present study, a standard strain of Sal. typhi Ty6s was grown under submerge cultural conditions in a pilot-plant scale of 90 Liter fe...