BACKGROUND Although variation provides the raw material for natural selection and evolution, few empirical data exist about the factors controlling morphological variation. Because developmental constraints on variation are expected to act by influencing trait correlations, studies of modularity offer promising approaches that quantify and summarize patterns of trait relationships. Modules, hig...

Knowledge of incidence of morphological variations in the course and branching of the carotid arteries is important for radiological interpretation and surgical correction when they are symptomatic. Internal carotid artery (ICA) is known to show elongation in its extra cranial course. Previous studies have demonstrated the incidence and clinical symptoms of this morphological entity. However, t...

While the identity and validity of the extant families of ruminants are undoubted, there are significant problems with the determination of the interrelationships among the families, notably within the families of the Pecora, or horned ruminants. The morphological features used to construct ruminant phylogeny have been a source of controversy: many features used over the past century have been ...

The aim was to study the analysis of cephalometric images patients with distal occlusion dentition. parameters obtained on were studied, divided into groups according principle measurements (linear, angular) and their morphological affiliation (cranial, gnathic, dentoalveolar). Analysis angular linear indicators malocclusion class II dentition made it possible determine mutual influence cranial...