This paper presents novel formulations and algorithms for $N$-$k$ interdiction problem in transmission networks. In particular, it formulates spatial topological resource constraints on attackers problems illustrates the formulation with two new classes of attacks: (i) Spatial attacks where attack is constrained by geographic distance a bus chosen an attacker (ii) Topological to connected compo...

Estimating a joint Highest Posterior Density credible set for multivariate posterior density is challenging as dimension gets larger. Credible intervals univariate marginals are usually presented ease of computation and visualisation. There often two layers approximation, we may need to compute target which itself only an approximation the true density. We obtain sets estimation trees given by ...

This paper is the first step to an understanding of how engagement with interactive television advertisements may increase the relevancy of a brand and therefore facilitate the automatic processing of the brand’s logo (measured via the P3a) after viewing the advertisement, compared to non-interactive television ads. Event-related potentials (ERPs) and attitudes were measured in response to adve...

Background: There are many different kinds of cigarettes and tobacco available in the market. Since nicotine content of various brands of cigarettes are very variable, therefore evaluation and comparison of nicotine content of different brands of cigarettes is important. The goal of the present study was to determine and compare nicotine content of various domestic and imported cigarettes avail...

This study explores how brand-related information is integrated within a competitive environment. Specifically, we develop a structural equation model of competition between two brands, which includes each brand’s price-quality characteristics (i.e., net utility). The model simultaneously tests how the net utility of the focal and competing brands affects consumers’ attitudes, intentions, and c...

This study examined the perceptions of Chinese consumers towards global apparel brands. It investigated the preferences of Chinese consumers for foreign brands, their perceptions of intangible attributes of global apparel brands. The study used a survey questionnaire to gather information from Chinese consumers through a mall intercept method of convenience sampling. The sample wasthe consumers...