This paper describes the specificity of AKR anti-(a) [AKR anti-trinitrophenylated AKR (AKR-TNP)] [AKRa (AKRaAKR TNP)] antisera raised in syngeneic AKR mice against AKRaAKR-TNP cell populations enriched for H-2-restricted aTNP cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) by blast-cell isolation. The activity of the antisera resided in the Ig fraction. All antisera were shown to reproducibly react with AKRaAKR-TN...

There is an urgent need for a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine that induces robust mucosal immunity. CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) apply substantial antiviral pressure, but CTLs to individual epitopes select for immune escape variants in both HIV in humans and SIV in macaques. Inducing multiple simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CTLs may assist in controlling viremia...

The lysis of infected host cells by virus-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) is an important factor in host resistance to viral infection. An optimal vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) would elicit virus-specific CTL as well as neutralizing antibodies. The induction by a vaccine of HIV-1-specific CD8+ CTL in humans has not been previously reported. In this study, CT...

background: vaccines capable of controlling tumor virus based infections are found difficult to develop due to the consistence latent infection in the host. dna vaccines are attractive tools for the development of hpv vaccines and inducing antigen-specific immunity owing to the stability, simplicity of delivery, safety and cost effectiveness. however, there is a need to increase their potency b...

We present a logic for reasoning about choice. Choice CTL (C-CTL) extends the well-known branching-time temporal logic CTL with choice modalities, “3” and “2”. An example C-CTL formula is 3AFhappy , asserting that there exists a choice that will lead to happiness. C-CTL is related to both STIT logics and temporal cooperation logics such as ATL, but has a much simpler and (we argue) more intuiti...

Existing techno-economic analyses of modern coal chemical technologies (MCCTs) neglect water constraints, which may underestimate the production cost MCCTs and thus mislead investment activities. Considering this background, study incorporated scarcity indirect into a classic evaluation model MCCT. Using model, our work evaluated compared indicators with latest data for four typical MCCTs, incl...

Athymic H-2b nude mice received grafts from C57BL/6 (Sendai virus and H-Y antigen cytotoxic T lymphocyte [CTL] responder type), bm1 (H-2Kb mutant, Sendai CTL nonresponder type), or bm12 (H-21-A mutant, H-Y CTL nonresponder type) neonates. In observations of the CTL response to H-Y, both recipients and thymus donors were female. All types of thymus engraftment resulted in mature H-2b splenic T l...

Proliferation of T lymphocytes can be induced by IL-2, either through an autocrine pathway in which the responding cell produces its own IL-2 or through an exocrine pathway in which IL-2 secreted by Th stimulates proliferation of IL-2-dependent CTL. However, proliferation of at least some CTL clones, such as CTL L3 and CTL dB45, also can be induced by stimulation of the antigen receptor in the ...

Virus-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTL) recognize viral antigen in conjunction with products of genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (1); however, the nature of the viral antigen(s) recognized by specific CTL is not clear, identification of viral determinant(s) recognized by CTL is an important issue; however, it has been difficult to demonstrate CTL recognition of target cells ex...

For viruses to establish persistent infections in their hosts, they must possess some mechanism for evading clearance by the immune system. When inoculated into adult immunocompetent mice, wild-type lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV ARM) induces a CD8(+)-mediated cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response that clears the infection within 7-14 d (CTL+ [P-]). By contrast, variant viruses isolat...