Ecological immunology is a rapidly growing field of study that focuses on understanding variation in immune systems across species and how this relates to species ecology and evolution. Newly developed field methods aimed at studying variation in immune function in a field setting have yielded many insights. Nonetheless, there continues to be much debate regarding the interpretation of field me...

We investigate the abnormal day-to-day variability of total electron content (TEC) over 60 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations above East Asian region from 2012 to 2018 and find that positive anomalies occur more frequently at middle latitude about LT 14–20 around 28° N 22–00. The negative 10–02, they obviously less 15° N~30° 08–12, near 22° 14–18. quantities are comparable. dire...