In New Zealand, the primary means of addressing the disparities that exist in educational outcomes by socio-economic status of students is the “decile” funding system. The country’s Ministry of Education uses census data on five socio-economic deprivation factors for all households containing school-aged children in the meshblocks of the children attending each public or publicintegrated school...

This paper examines the level and distribution of equivalent after tax, after transfer money income in Canada, the USA, the UK, Germany and Sweden using micro-data from the Luxembourg Income Study from 1969/70 to 1994/95. It concentrates on inequality within and between birth cohorts. At any point in time, less than 11% of aggregate income inequality is due to intergenerational inequality, but ...

BACKGROUND Data on the natural history of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) are scarce and are focused primarily on clinical symptoms. Using noninvasive tests, we assessed the role of traditional and novel risk factors on PAD progression. We hypothesized that the risk factors for large-vessel PAD (LV-PAD) progression might differ from small-vessel PAD (SV-PAD). METHODS AND RESULTS Between 199...

Background—Data on the natural history of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) are scarce and are focused primarily on clinical symptoms. Using noninvasive tests, we assessed the role of traditional and novel risk factors on PAD progression. We hypothesized that the risk factors for large-vessel PAD (LV-PAD) progression might differ from small-vessel PAD (SV-PAD). Methods and Results—Between 1990 ...

BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease is common among the elderly, and these patients are at risk of progressive kidney dysfunction. AIM To develop an index to predict rapid progression of kidney dysfunction. DESIGN Community-based cohort divided into derivation (n = 6789) and validation (n = 3395) subsets. METHODS We identified 10 184 subjects aged >/=66 years from computerized laboratory da...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the degree to which physicians use clinical factors to focus use of Cox-2 selective NSAIDs within an arthritis population. METHODS Diagnostic codes in the medical records of a large group-model HMO in northern California with approximately 3 million members were examined to identify patients with either rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or non-RA (osteoarthritis or degenerati...

Higher urinary albumin excretion predicts future cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. Physical activity improves endothelial function so activity may reduce albuminuria. Among diabetics, physical activity decreases albuminuria. In nondiabetics, prior studies have shown no association. The authors explored the cross-sectional association between physical activity and...