This paper discusses the development of excavation techniques in England and their application to historical archaeology in Australia. Edward Higginbotham, a consultant archaeologist in Sydney, applies his experience of excavations in both countries to a critical analysis of various excavation methods, including test-pits, trial-trenches, the grid method, and area excavation. The advantages, ef...

Xiaowan Hydropower station’s dam located in south west of China is the second highest arch dam in the world (h = 292 m), its foundation is based on brittle rocks of biotite granite gneiss and amphibolites plagioclase gneiss. A largescale excavation around the foundation of the dam was conducted, near to 90 meters horizontal depth excavation and 130 meters vertical depth excavation, so the found...

The aqueous humor outflow channels of the rabbit eye were obstructed by placement of polyethylene tubing in the angle of the anterior chamber. Within 24 hours the intraocular pressure was elevated and remained so for 3 months after which time the animals were killed. Histologic examination verified the selective loss of ganglion cells, loss of myelin from optic nerve fibers, and deep excavation...

Focal choroidal excavation is a choroidal pit that can be detected by optical coherence tomography. Central serous chorioretinopathy, choroidal neovascularization and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy are pathologies associated with focal choroidal excavation. In this article, we present the follow-up and treatment outcomes of three eyes of two patients with focal choroidal excavation.